What′s a "Verlängerter" - Cafes of Salzburg
After the Turkish army was defeated during the second siege of Vienna in the 17th century, the union of Austrian and Polish troops plundered the abandoned tents. Among other oriental valuables they found trunks of black beans with a bitter taste. The dark brew that the Turks prepared from them soon caused sensation among Viennese aristocrats.
The first Western coffeehouses were founded soon afterwards and Vienna, Venice and Warsaw became hubs of the developing coffee culture. Back then, Salzburg was still an independent principality, but hey - it was the hippest Baroque place in Europe, so if the Viennese had coffee, Salzburg needed some, too.
In 1703 Salzburg′s first Cafe opened - it was Tomaselli, back then in the Goldgasse, from 1760 onwards at the Alter Markt Square. By flattering measures it is Austria′s oldest Cafe and therefore, the oldest in the Western World (what a claim - don't tell any historians). Some people say, that the most Viennese Cafe′s are in fact all in Salzburg. These people are generally not Viennese.
However, it is definitely the case that much of the Cafe traditions that Austria is famous for have become diluted among chains and bistros in Vienna. On the other hand, many of the "classy" Cafes in Salzburg still maintain their pastry bars, waiters in dinner jackets and holders for newspapers, just like they have done for hundreds of years. Every tourist in Austria should have gone to a Cafe at least once to make a visit complete. In Salzburg, there are several good ones to choose from.
Cafe Tomaselli
Founded in 1703, the Tomaselli on Alter Markt Square is the T-Rex in the Jurassic Park of Caffeine. The man himself, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, had coffee there and so did generations of local and international artists such as Max Reinhardt, Michael Haydn or Hugo von Hoffmannsthal. The classy interiors are worth a visit and so is the coffee.
Just around the corner of the Tomaselli in the Brodgasse, the Fürst headquarter is the site where Mozart′s balls were immortalised in chocolate for the first time in 1890. Today, a small exhibition underlines that here and only here you can buy the ORIGINAL Mozartballs. Chocolatier Paul Fürst was awarded a gold medal for his invention and today his Cafe proliferates like Starbucks in the US and opens branches all over Salzburg. Definitely a go-er!
Cafe Niemetz
This one is slightly hidden just behind the horse well next to the Festival Hall. It is a very traditional cafe and due to its proximity to the Festival Hall, a favourite hangout for musicians and singers. Be prepared to have a cup of coffee with half of the Vienna Philharmoniker orchestra!
Cafe Sacher
This slightly snobbish Cafe at the Hotel Sacher Salzburg used to be called "Österreichischer Hof" ("Austrian Court"), but several years ago the directors found that international guests would be unable to pronounce that and therefore be more likely to end up with competitors. So "Sacher Salzburg" was born, as it happened to be owned by the same people as the famous Hotel Sacher in Vienna. The bonus: you can buy an obscenely overpriced piece of REAL Sacher tart there.
Cafe Bazar
Whilst Cafe Niemetz has always benefited from the musicians at the festival hall, the Bazar draws the crowds from the Landestheater Theatre and other stages nearby - actors and guests alike. You will also find journalists and writers, especially in the mornings, before the tourists arrive.
Cafe Demel
Face the statue of Mozart on the Mozart Square whilst having a cup of Kleiner Brauner. Its central location and seating that extends to the outside make the former Cafe Glockenspiel one of the most popular Cafes of Salzburg.
Cafe Shakespeare
And now for something completely different - the Shakespeare at St. Andrä Church on the Mirabellplatz Square is grungy, non-traditional and arty. Good food and changing exhibitions of local, contemporary art make the Shakespeare one of the favourite hangouts among students. More a bistro than a cafe, but yet a good place.
So finally…what is a "Verlängerter"? Well, try to find out yourself by going to one of the mentioned coffeehouses. If you like coffee, you won′t be disappointed!
Hotel Glockenspiel
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Hotel Glockenspiel has prices as low as RUB 4,168.
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Situated on the pedestrian zone in Bad Griesbach, the Hotel Glockenspiel offers a large spa area with indoor and outdoor pools, together with elegant rooms and apartments.
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Hotel Glockenspiel
Hotel Glockenspiel — здесь есть места по ценам от 4 168 руб..
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Чистота: Потрясающе, 8.7
Общая оценка
Соотношение цена/качество 8,5
Бесплатный Wi-Fi 7
Соотношение цена/качество 8,3
Бесплатный Wi-Fi 5
Соотношение цена/качество 8,4
Бесплатный Wi-Fi 7,5
Соотношение цена/качество 9,1
Бесплатный Wi-Fi 7,5
Соотношение цена/качество 8,8
Бесплатный Wi-Fi 6,3
Соотношение цена/качество 8,6
Бесплатный Wi-Fi 5
Отель Glockenspiel находится в пешеходной зоне города Бад-Грисбах. К услугам гостей большой спа-салон с крытым и открытым бассейнами, а также изысканные номера и апартаменты.
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Двухместный номер с 1 кроватью
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Вблизи объекта размещения
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German Restaurants in the US
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964 Airport Rd SW
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111 West Evelyn Avenue #108
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Very authentic German Food! Cozy Atmosphere
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Phone: (714) 520-9500
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2323 Van Ness Ave
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Fremont CA 94538
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3845 Telegraph Rd
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7561 Center Avenue #49
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California Hipster Meets German Favorites
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plus craft beer & regional wine
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10120 US Hwy 50
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5911 Mowry Avenue
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255 N. First Street & Devine
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Cindy & Bruno Frisch
235 El Cerrito Plaza
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The Pfeifer House
Tahoe City CA 96145
Tip Top Meats European Delicatessen
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Two Guys From Italy
484 E. Los Angeles Ave
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Charles Cheatham & Whitney Parker
Ben Lomond CA 95005
Time Travel Back to the GDR!
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Phone: (310) 392 – 0322
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Phone (323) 931 9291
800 E 3rd Street
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100 E Meadow Drive
Andrea’s Homestead Cafe
216 East Main Street
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24 Big Springs Dr.
Nederland CO 80466
323 14th Street
Denver CO 80202
34 E Ramona Avenue
Colorado Springs CO 80906
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Josef & Emily Palla
6620 Wadsworth Blvd.
Arvada CO 80003
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14197 E Exposition Ave
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6878 S Yosemite St
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Pepi’s Bar & Restaurant
231 E Gore Creek Dr.
Rosi’s Little Bavarian Restaurant
141 W 6th Street
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Mitch & Anke Verburg
4037 Tutt Boulevard
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The Black Bear Inn
Hans and Annalies Wyppler
Uwe’s German Restaurant
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32138 Highway 72
Golden CO 80403
633 E Hyman Ave
25 Leavenworth St.
Waterbury CT 06702
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131 Dwight Street
New Britain CT 06051
55 Stony Hill Road (Rt. 6)
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The Hopkins Inn
Beth and Franz Schober
Preston CT 06777
322 Massachusetts Avenue NE
Washington DC 20002
Washington DC 20005
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2434 Wisconsin Ave NW
Washington DC 20007
Purple Parrot Grill
134 Rehoboth Ave
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A Taste of Europe Deli
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West Palm Beach FL 33405
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Ft. Lauderdale FL 33308
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Orlando FL 32809
Patricia and Achim Jarrell
1201 Winter Garden Vineland Rd
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1800 Epcot Resorts Blvd
Lake Buena Vista FL 32830
1068 S.E. Port St. Lucie Blvd.
Port St. Lucie FL 34952
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Pompano Beach FL 33062
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201 E McNab Road
Pompano Beach FL 33060
Fort Lauderdale FL
2543 S Harbor City Blvd
Melbourne FL 32901
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13245 Atlantic Blvd
Jacksonville FL 32225
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Cocoa Beach FL 32931
Heinrich’s German Grill
8420 Lockwood Ridge Rd
Sarasota FL 34243
Hofbrau Beer Garden
701 Pier Park Drive
Panama City Beach FL 32413
Hofbrau Beer Hall
Mr. Sasha Perisic
943 Lincoln Road
Miami Beach FL 33139
Hollerbach’s Willow Tree Café
205 East First Street
Sanford FL 32771
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902 Florida Avenue
Mainzer’s German Deli
12113 S Dixie Hwy
Martina’s German Cuisine
9277 Seminole Blvd.
Seminole FL 33772
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3830 Sun City Center Blvd.
Ruskin FL 33573
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900 State Road 84
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4333 West Waters Ave.
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Raymond and Susanne
1053 NE 14th Street Plaza
Al’s Schnitzel Gasthaus
3443 Victory Dr
Columbus GA 31903
1944 Walton Way
Augusta GA 30904
Columbus GA 31909
Gasthaus Le Café
Cumming GA 30040
Hofbrauhaus Restaurant & Lounge
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Kurt & Vreny Eisele
4225 River Green Pkwy
Duluth GA 30096
The Village Corner
6655 James B. Rivers Drive
Stone Mountain GA 30083
The Vines European Cuisine
747 Duncan Bridge Rd.
Sautee GA 30571
3044 Deans Bridge Road
Augusta GA 30906
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Hinesville GA 31313
Des Moines IA 50309
Sabula IA 52070
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Anita & Jeff Heil
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306 N Harlem Rd. Rt. 50
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1415 McKinley Rd.
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Wolfgang & Elfriede Beyer
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3478 North Clark Street
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Indianapolis IN 46217
Gerhardt & Fran Wigginton
1724 Lafayette Avenue
Terre Haute IN 47804
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5580 Flaherty Road
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6633 Sportsman’s Lane
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Covington KY 41011
New Orleans LA 70112
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Joe & Liz Stevens
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17 Hampstead St
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Blob’s Park Bavarian Bier Garten
8024 Max Blobs Park Rd.
Jessup MD 20794
Harold and Audrey Bowles
611 South Fagley Street
Baltimore MD 21224
26 Annapolis St
Annapolis MD 21401
58 S. Potomac Street
Hagerstown MD 21740
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Michael & Beth Selinger
1143 Central Avenue
Edgewater MD 21037
115 Maine Street
Brunswick ME 04011
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Topsham ME 04086
Bavarian Inn Restaurant
713 South Main Street
Frankenmuth MI 48734
Dakota Inn Rathskeller
17324 John R. Street
Detroit MI 48203
Ann Arbor MI 48104
624 Brush Street
Detroit MI 48226
Metzger’s German Restaurant
305 North Zeeb Road
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Roland & Marianne Richter
23920 Michigan Avenue
Dearborn MI 48124
Jim and Mike Yanz
Hastings MN 55033
Jim and Mike Yanz
2670 E. County Rd E
White Bear Lake MN 55110
Jim and Mike Yanz
7121 10th Street N.
Oakdale MN 55128
Jim and Mike Yanz
6434 Cahill Ave.
Inver Grove Heights MN 55076
Jim and Mike Yanz
233 Withers Harbor Dr.
Red Wing MN 55066
Black Forest Inn
1 East 26th Street
Minneapolis MN 55404
Gasthaus Bavarian Hunter
Karl and Kim Schoene
8390 Lofton Avenue
Stillwater MN 55082
Gasthof Zur Gemütlichkeit
2300 University Ave.NE
Minneapolis MN 55418
German Hot Dog Co
Minneapolis MN 55402
Gluek’s Restaurant & Bar
16 North 6th Street
Minneapolis MN 55403
605 7th Street West
Saint Paul MN 55102
Donald J Veigel
221 N Minnesota St
New Ulm MN 56073
Jefferson City MO 65109
Der Essen Platz
8 Bridal Cave Road
Camdenton MO 65020
4200 S Grand Blvd
St. Louis MO 63111
Heinz and Rosie Heinzelmann
208 North Main Street
Independence MO 64050
St Louis Gast Haus
1740 Chouteau Ave
St. Louis MO 63103
St. Charles Vintage House
St. Charles MO 63301
The Hub German Restaurant
St. Robert MO 65584
311 North Street
Waynesville MO 65583
1110 Stone Hill Hwy
Hermann MO 65041
Mary’s German Restaurant
975 Goodman Rd E
Southaven MS 38671
Klaus & Lura Ginschel
595 Valley Road
610 East Sahara Avenue #2
Las Vegas NV 89104
Mr. Stefan Gastager
4510 Paradise Road
Las Vegas NV 89169
Alphorn Bistro at Inn at Danbury
Alexandra and Robert Graf
67 NH Route 104
Danbury NH 03230
The Green Barn Restaurant
Carl & Margaret Bohne
5 Hampstead Road
Black Forest Inn
Stanhope NJ 07874
Fritzy’s German-American Restaurant
Howell NJ 07731
Oak Bridge Tavern
115 Oakland Street
Red Bank NJ 07701
Hillsborough NJ 08844
The Dutchman’s Brauhaus
2500 East Bay Avenue
Manahawkin NJ 08050
1605 Juan Tabo Blvd NE Ste K
Albuquerque NM 87112
97-11 Queens Blvd.
Queens NY 11374
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Glockenspiel House
The Glockenspiel House (German: Haus des Glockenspiels ) is a building in Bremen in the north of Germany. With its 30 bells of Meissen porcelain, the carillon (Glockenspiel) chimes three times a day while wooden panels depicting pioneering seafarers and aviators appear on a rotating mechanism inside the tower. [1]
History [ edit ]
The building which houses the carillon is located at No. 4 Böttcherstraße in Bremen's old town district. In 1922, the two old warehouses which once stood there were converted into a new office building for the Bremen America Bank, built by coffee merchant Ludwig Roselius and designed by Bremen architects Eduard Scotland and Alfred Runge. The gabled red-brick facades of No. 4-5 were built in Neo-Renaissance style. [2] Roselius is known today as a successful businessman who invented and was the first to market decaffeinated coffee. [3]
The carillon of 30 Meissner porcelain bells lodged between the gables was added in 1934, maintaining a medieval tradition. Initially, the bells were painted blue on the outside and gold on the inside. [4] As the carillon chimed, 10 coloured wooden panels come into view as they rotate inside the tower. The reliefs of famous seafarers and aviators include Christopher Columbus, Hermann Köhl, Charles Lindbergh, Count Zeppelin, and Ehrenfried Günther Freiherr von Hünefeld. [5] The panels were designed by Bernhard Hoetger and crafted by Zdzislaus Victor Kopytko. The National Socialist Party considered Hoetger's Expressionist work degenerate but in 1937 it nevertheless listed Böttcherstraße for cultural heritage protection as an example of degenerate art. [3]
In 1944 the building suffered serious fire damage. The carillon was replaced, this time with white porcelain bells. The panels survived the Second World War undamaged. [2] They were restored in 1991, together with the carillon, which received a new set of white bells. [4]
Chiming times [ edit ]
The carillon chimes three times a day from January to March at 12 noon, 3 pm and 6 pm. The rest of the year, it chimes every hour from 12 noon to 6 pm. [4] The bells chime for approximately 8:30 minutes.
Panels depicting seafarers [ edit ]
The 10 panels which rotate inside the tower as the carillon chimes depict famous seafarers and aviators: [4]
References [ edit ]
- ^"Böttcherstraße: Welcome". Böttcherstraße GmbH . Retrieved 27 January 2014 .
- ^ ab"Database Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Bremen". (in German)
- ^ ab"Die Senatorin für Bilding und Wissenschaft: Sonderausgabe des 'Bremer Tagebuchs' der Landesbildstelle mit dem neuen Film über die Böttcherstraße in Bremen". Pressestelle des Senats, Freie Hansestadt Bremen. 23 June 2003 . Retrieved 27 January 2014 .
- ^ abcd"Das Glockenspiel in der Böttcherstraße" (in German). Böttcherstraße GmbH. Archived from the original on 11 November 2013 . Retrieved 27 January 2014 .
- ^ Strohmeyer, Arn (2002). Parsifal in Bremen:. p. 134.
Literature [ edit ]
- Rath, Britta (2004). Bremen (in German). DuMont-Reiseverl. pp. 86–. ISBN 978-3-7701-6510-0.
- Tallasch, Hans (2002). Projekt Böttcherstrasse (in German). Aschenbeck & Holstein.
1. German language – German is a West Germanic language that is mainly spoken in Central Europe. It is the most widely spoken and official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, South Tyrol, the German-speaking Community of Belgium and it is also one of the three official languages of Luxembourg. Major languages which are most similar to German include other members of the West Germanic language branch, such as Afrikaans, Dutch, English, Luxembourgish and it is the second most widely spoken Germanic language, after English. One of the languages of the world, German is the first language of about 95 million people worldwide. The German speaking countries are ranked fifth in terms of publication of new books. German derives most of its vocabulary from the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family, a portion of German words are derived from Latin and Greek, and fewer are borrowed from French and English. With slightly different standardized variants, German is a pluricentric language, like English, German is also notable for its broad spectrum of dialects, with many unique varieties existing in Europe and also other parts of the world. The history of the German language begins with the High German consonant shift during the migration period, when Martin Luther translated the Bible, he based his translation primarily on the standard bureaucratic language used in Saxony, also known as Meißner Deutsch. Copies of Luthers Bible featured a long list of glosses for each region that translated words which were unknown in the region into the regional dialect. Roman Catholics initially rejected Luthers translation, and tried to create their own Catholic standard of the German language – the difference in relation to Protestant German was minimal. It was not until the middle of the 18th century that a widely accepted standard was created, until about 1800, standard German was mainly a written language, in urban northern Germany, the local Low German dialects were spoken. Standard German, which was different, was often learned as a foreign language with uncertain pronunciation. Northern German pronunciation was considered the standard in prescriptive pronunciation guides though, however, German was the language of commerce and government in the Habsburg Empire, which encompassed a large area of Central and Eastern Europe. Until the mid-19th century, it was essentially the language of townspeople throughout most of the Empire and its use indicated that the speaker was a merchant or someone from an urban area, regardless of nationality. Some cities, such as Prague and Budapest, were gradually Germanized in the years after their incorporation into the Habsburg domain, others, such as Pozsony, were originally settled during the Habsburg period, and were primarily German at that time. Prague, Budapest and Bratislava as well as cities like Zagreb, the most comprehensive guide to the vocabulary of the German language is found within the Deutsches Wörterbuch. This dictionary was created by the Brothers Grimm and is composed of 16 parts which were issued between 1852 and 1860, in 1872, grammatical and orthographic rules first appeared in the Duden Handbook. In 1901, the 2nd Orthographical Conference ended with a standardization of the German language in its written form
2. Bremen – The City Municipality of Bremen is a Hanseatic city in northwestern Germany, which belongs to the state Free Hanseatic City of Bremen. As a commercial and industrial city with a port on the River Weser, Bremen is part of the Bremen/Oldenburg Metropolitan Region. Bremen is the second most populous city in Northern Germany and eleventh in Germany, Bremen is a major cultural and economic hub in the northern regions of Germany. Bremen is home to dozens of galleries and museums, ranging from historical sculptures to major art museums. Bremen has a reputation as a working class city, along with this, Bremen is home to a large number of multinational companies and manufacturing centers. Companies headquartered in Bremen include the Hachez chocolate company and Vector Foiltec, four-time German football champions Werder Bremen are also based in the city. Bremen is some 60 km south from the Weser mouth on the North Sea, with Bremerhaven right on the mouth the two comprise the state of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen. The marshes and moraines near Bremen have been settled since about 12,000 BC, burial places and settlements in Bremen-Mahndorf and Bremen-Osterholz date back to the 7th century AD. Since The Renaissance, some scientists have believed that the entry Fabiranum or Phabiranon in Ptolemys Fourth Map of Europe, written in 150 AD, but Ptolemy gives geographic coordinates, and by these dates Phabiranon is situated northeast of the mouth of river Visurgis. At that time the Chauci lived in the now called north-western Germany or Lower Saxony. By the end of the 3rd century, they had merged with the Saxons, during the Saxon Wars the Saxons, led by Widukind, fought against the West Germanic Franks, the founders of the Carolingian Empire, and lost the war. Charlemagne, the King of the Franks, made a new law, the Lex Saxonum which stated that Saxons were not allowed to worship Odin, in 787 Willehad of Bremen became the first Bishop of Bremen. The citys first stone walls were built in 1032, around this time trade with Norway, England and the northern Netherlands began to grow, thus increasing the importance of the city. The city was recognised as an entity with its own laws. Property was to be inherited without feudal claims for reversion to its original owner. This privilege laid the foundation for Bremens later status of imperial immediacy, since the city was the major taxpayer, its consent was generally sought. In this way the city wielded fiscal and political power within the Prince-Archbishopric, in 1260 Bremen joined the Hanseatic League. In 1350, the number of inhabitants reached 20,000, around this time the Hansekogge became a unique product of Bremen
3. Meissen porcelain – Meissen porcelain or Meissen china is the first European hard-paste porcelain. It was developed starting in 1708 by Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus, after his death that October, Johann Friedrich Böttger continued von Tschirnhauss work and brought porcelain to the market. Its signature logo, the swords, was introduced in 1720 to protect its production. It dominated the style of European porcelain until 1756, at the beginning of the eighteenth century Johann Friedrich Böttger pretended he had solved the dream of the alchemists, to produce gold from worthless materials. When King Augustus II of Poland heard of it, he kept him in protective custody, for years Johann Friedrich Böttger was unsuccessful in this effort. At the same time, Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus, a mathematician and scientist, experimented with the manufacture of glass, Tschirnhaus supervised Böttger and by 1707 Böttger reluctantly started to help in the experiments by Tschirnhaus. When Tschirnhaus suddenly died, the recipe apparently was handed over to Böttger, Böttger refined the formula and with some Dutch co-workers, experienced in firing and painting tiles, the stage was set for the manufacturing of porcelain. In 1709, the King established the Royal-Polish and Electoral-Saxon Porcelain Manufactory, placed Böttgers laboratory at Albrechtsburg castle in Meissen, the first type of porcelain produced by Böttger was a refined and extremely hard red stoneware known in Germany as Böttgersteinzeug. It retained very crisp definition in its mold-cast applied details, on bodies that could be polished to a gloss before firing, models were derived from Baroque silver shapes and Chinese ceramic examples. Meissens production of a hard paste white porcelain that could be glazed and painted soon followed, Böttgers experimental wares rapidly gained quality but never achieved successful painted and fired decor. The first successful ornaments were gold decorations applied upon the fired body, multicolor enamelled painting was introduced by Johann Gregorius Höroldt in 1723, with an increasingly broad palette of colors that marked the beginning of the classic phase of Meissen porcelain. His enamel paints are still the basis for ceramic paints today, initially paintings often imitated oriental patterns. The signature underglaze Meissen Blue was introduced by Friedrich August Köttig, soon minutely detailed landscapes and port scenes, animals, flowers, galante courtly scenes and chinoiseries— fanciful Chinese-inspired decorations— were to be found on Meissen porcelain. The Kakiemon vases and tea wares of kilns in Arita, Japan were imitated as Indianische Blume, wares were also sold in solid glazed colors, to be enamelled in private workshops and independently retailed. The support of Augustus patronage attracted to Meissen some of the finest painters and modelers of Europe as staff artists, the Albrechtsburg was utilized to protect the secrets of the manufacture of the white gold. As a further precaution, very few knew the special secret of how to make porcelain. Thus, for a few years, Meissen retained its monopoly on the production of porcelain in Europe. By 1717, however, a production was set up at Vienna, as Samuel Stöltzel sold the secret recipe
4. Carillon – A carillon is a musical instrument that is typically housed in the bell tower of a church or municipal building. The instrument consists of at least 23 cast bronze, cup-shaped bells, a traditional manual carillon is played by striking a keyboard – the stick-like keys of which are called batons – with the fists, and by pressing the keys of a pedal keyboard with the feet. Although unusual, real carillons have occasionally been fitted to theatre organs, such as the Christie organ installed at the Regal Cinema, Marble Arch, a carillon-like instrument with fewer than 23 bells is called a chime. The carillon is the second heaviest of all extant musical instruments, the heaviest carillon in the world weighs over 100 tons, whereas the Wanamaker organ in Philadelphia weighs 287 tons. The word carillon is from the French quadrillon, meaning four bells, in German, a carillon is also called a Glockenspiel, while the percussion instrument called a glockenspiel by English speakers is often called a carillon in French. In medieval times, swinging bells were first used as a way of notifying people of imminent church services, however, the use of bells to play melodic musical compositions originated in the 16th century in the Low Countries. The first carillon was in Flanders, where a fool performed music on the bells of Oudenaarde Town Hall in 1510 by using a baton keyboard, major figures in the evolution of the modern carillon were Pieter and François Hemony working in the 17th century. They are credited as being the greatest carillon bell founders in the history of the Low Countries, since each separate note is produced by an individual bell, a carillons musical range is determined by the number of bells it has. Different names are assigned to instruments based on the number of bells they comprise, players of these instruments often use music arranged specifically for their limited range of notes. A concert carillon has a range of at least four octaves and this is sometimes referred to as the standard-sized carillon. The Riverside Carillon in New York City has the largest tuned bell in the world. Travelling or mobile carillons are not placed in a tower, some of them can even be played indoors—in a concert hall or church—like the mobile carillon of Frank Steijns. The World Carillon Federation defines a carillon as A musical instrument composed of tuned bronze bells which are played from a baton keyboard, only those carillons having at least 23 bells may be taken into consideration. The carillonneur or carillonist is the title of the musician who plays the carillon, the carillonneur/carillonist usually sits in a cabin beneath the bells and presses down, with a loosely closed fist, on a series of baton-like keys arranged in the same pattern as a piano keyboard. The batons are almost never played with the fingers as one does a piano, though this is sometimes used as a special carillon playing technique. The keys activate levers and wires that directly to the bells clappers, thus, as with a piano. In addition to the keys, the heavier bells are also played with a pedal keyboard. These notes can either be played with the hands or the feet, poorly tuned bells often give an out of tune impression and also can be out of tune with themselves
5. Ludwig Roselius – Ludwig Roselius was a German coffee merchant and founder of the company KAFFEE HAG. He was born in Bremen and is credited with the development of commercial decaffeination of coffee, as a patron, he supported artists like Paula Modersohn-Becker and Bernard Hoetger and turned the street Böttcherstrasse in Bremen into an artwork. In 1902, Ludwig Roselius purchase the centrally located No.4 Böttcherstrasse and it soon became the head office of his business Roselius & Co. which in 1906 established Kaffee HAG. He was a supporter of Die Brücke institute and started the publication of the famous heraldic Coffee Hag albums in the formats of the Brücke. In his home town he built a house known as the Glockenspiel House. During the Third Reich, Politically a conservative, Roselius had an attitude towards National Socialism and supported Hitler. Roselius took an early interest in the industry and in 1925 he became Chairman of Focke-Wulf Flugzeugbau A. G. In 1928, Roselius expanded his house in Böttcherstrasse to accommodate his art collection, in early 1933 he handed over to his brother Friedrich who died in 1941. In 1938 the Bremen-based company was reconstituted as Focke-Wulf Flugzeugbau GmbH, lorenz A. G. a subsidiary of I. T. T. came in with 28% and supplied the latest technology. At this time a substantial capital injection was made, in 1934, Roselius had his left leg amputated due to bone cancer. He also suffered from recurring fevers and other illnesses, in early 1935 his youngest daughter married tenor Ivo Götte. Although she had intended to commence her Ph. D. in philosophy, over time she became his carer, companion, and closest collaborator. He needed someone to look after him on his many worldwide voyages and help him with his books, barbaras academic credentials complemented his streetwise business acumen. Roselius credited Barbara with having saved his life when Hitler denounced the art and architecture in his Böttcherstasse, later, his daughter recognized that Barbara had been responsible for Roselius finding his way back to a more moderate political outlook. Barbara looked after Roselius for the nine months of his life in the now demolished Hotel Kaiserhof in Berlin. They were very much in love but it was always a platonic relationship, Böttcherstrasse was declared to be degenerate art in the 1930s and was largely destroyed during the war. After the war the houses were rebuilt by Roseliuss coffee company, the museums include Ludwig Roselius Museum which exhibits his collections
6. Eduard Scotland – Eduard Scotland was a German architect active in Bremen. He is remembered in particular for the Böttcherstraße houses he and his associate Alfred Runge built for the coffee merchant Ludwig Roselius, as a child, Scotland aspired to become a painter but on his fathers advice he studied architecture. After serving an apprenticeship as a mason, he attended the Technical College in Bremen where he graduated in 1903, in July 1904, he joined his student friend Alfred Runge to work as an architect and building contractor in Bremen. He was also active as a draftsman and painter, thereafter he received numerous assignments in Schwachhausen and the Bremen surroundings. In 1907 Wiegard awarded Runge and Scotland a contract to design the interiors of the ocean liner SS Kronprinzessin Cecilie which his company launched in 1907. Earlier ships interiors had been designed by Johann Poppe who still designed the main rooms whilst Scotland & Runge did de luxe cabins, the ship was to be the regular ocean liner that linked Bremen with New York City. They designed the luxury cabins where the beds would convert to sofas, all of the metalwork was gilded and the surfaces were white with wooden surfaces of violet amaranth inlaid with agate, ivory and citron wood. Runge and Scotland also worked as designers and they designed iconic posters. They are credited with designs that defined the company
7. Alfred Runge – Alfred Runge was a German architect active in Bremen and its surroundings. He is remembered in particular for the Böttcherstraße houses he and his associate Eduard Scotland built for coffee merchant Ludwig Roselius, born in Osnabrück, he completed an apprenticeship as a mason until he moved to Bremen in 1898 where he attended the Technical College, graduating in 1903. In July 1904, he joined his student friend Eduard Scotland to work as an architect and building contractor in Bremen, from 1906 to 1915, they designed a number of residential and commercial buildings in the Lower Saxony style in Bremen and its surroundings. The pair attracted the attention of Norddeutscher Lloyd, Heinrich Wiegand and he and Scotland attracted the attention of the director of Norddeutscher Lloyd, Heinrich Wiegand, who commissioned him together with Runge to build a residence for him on Bremens Wagner-Straße. Thereafter he received numerous assignments in Schwachhausen and the Bremen surroundings, in 1907 Wiegard trusted Scotland and Runge with the interior design of the SS Kronprinzessin Cecilie which his company launched in 1907 to be the regular ocean liner that linked Bremen with New York. They designed luxury cabins where the beds would convert to sofas, all of the metalwork was gilded, the surfaces were generally white while the wooden surfaces of amaranth was inlaid with agate, ivory and citron wood. From 1906, the established a relationship with Ludwig Roselius, assisting him with the presentation and marketing of his goods. In 1916, they planned the conversion of his residence on Bleicherstraße
8. Neo-Renaissance – The divergent forms of Renaissance architecture in different parts of Europe, particularly in France and Italy, has added to the difficulty of defining and recognizing Neo-Renaissance architecture. The movement grew from scientific observations of nature, in human anatomy. Neo-Renaissance architecture is formed by not only the original Italian architecture, in England the Renaissance tended to manifest itself in large square tall houses such as Longleat House. Often these buildings had symmetrical towers which hint at the evolution from medieval fortified architecture and this is particularly evident at Hatfield House built between 1607 and 1611, where medieval towers jostle with a large Italian cupola. If this were not confusing enough, the new Neo-Renaissance then frequently borrowed architectural elements from the succeeding Mannerist period, mannerism and Baroque being two very opposing styles of architecture. Mannerism was exemplified by the Palazzo del Te and Baroque by the Wurzburg Residenz, as a consequence a self-consciously Neo-Renaissance manner first began to appear circa 1840. By 1890 this movement was already in decline, the Hagues Peace Palace completed in 1913, in a heavy French Neo-Renaissance manner was one of the last notable buildings in this style. Charles Barry introduced the Neo-Renaissance to England with his design of the Travellers Club, the style is characterized by original Renaissance motifs, taken from such Quattrocento architects as Alberti. These motifs included rusticated masonry and quoins, windows framed by architraves and doors crowned by pediments, if a building were of several floors the uppermost floor usually had small square windows representing the minor mezzanine floor of the original Renaissance designs. However, the Neo-renaissance style later came to incorporate Romanesque and Baroque features not found in the original Renaissance architecture which was more severe in its design. Like all architectural styles the Neo-Renaissance did not appear overnight fully formed but evolved slowly, one of the very first signs of its emergence was the Würzburg Womens Prison, which was erected in 1809 designed by Peter Speeth. This building foreshadows similar effects in the work of the American architect Henry Hobson Richardson whose work in the Neo-Renaissance style was popular in the USA during the 1880s, richardsons style at the end or the revival era was a severe mix of both Romanesque and Renaissance features. This was exemplified by his Marshall Field Warehouse in Chicago, however, while the beginning of Neo-Renaissance period can be defined by its simplicity and severity, what came between was far more ornate in its design. This period can be defined by some of the opera houses of the Europe, such as Gottfried Sempers Burgtheater in Vienna. This ornate form of the Neo-Renaissance, originating from France, is known as the Second Empire style. By 1875 it had become the style in Europe for all public and bureaucratic buildings. In England, where Sir George Gilbert Scott designed the London Foreign Office in this style between 1860 and 1875, it also incorporated certain Palladian features. In Austria, it was pioneered by such names as Rudolf Eitelberger
9. Christopher Columbus – Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer, navigator, colonizer, and citizen of the Republic of Genoa. Under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, he completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean and those voyages and his efforts to establish permanent settlements on the island of Hispaniola initiated the European colonization of the New World. Western imperialism and economic competition were emerging among European kingdoms through the establishment of routes and colonies. During his first voyage in 1492, he reached the New World instead of arriving at Japan as he had intended, landing on an island in the Bahamas archipelago that he named San Salvador. Over the course of three voyages, he visited the Greater and Lesser Antilles, as well as the Caribbean coast of Venezuela and Central America. These voyages had, therefore, an impact in the historical development of the modern Western world. He spearheaded the transatlantic trade and has been accused by several historians of initiating the genocide of the Hispaniola natives. Columbus himself saw his accomplishments primarily in the light of spreading the Christian religion, Columbus never admitted that he had reached a continent previously unknown to Europeans, rather than the East Indies for which he had set course. He called the inhabitants of the lands that he visited indios, the name Christopher Columbus is the Anglicisation of the Latin Christophorus Columbus. His name in Italian is Cristoforo Colombo and, in Spanish and he was born before 31 October 1451 in the territory of the Republic of Genoa, though the exact location remains disputed. His father was Domenico Colombo, a wool weaver who worked both in Genoa and Savona and who also owned a cheese stand at which young Christopher worked as a helper. Bartolomeo, Giovanni Pellegrino, and Giacomo were his brothers, Bartolomeo worked in a cartography workshop in Lisbon for at least part of his adulthood. He also had a sister named Bianchinetta, Columbus never wrote in his native language, which is presumed to have been a Genoese variety of Ligurian. In one of his writings, he says he went to sea at the age of 10, in 1470, the Columbus family moved to Savona, where Domenico took over a tavern. In the same year, Christopher was on a Genoese ship hired in the service of René of Anjou to support his attempt to conquer the Kingdom of Naples. Some modern historians have argued that he was not from Genoa but, instead and these competing hypotheses have generally been discounted by mainstream scholars. In 1473, Columbus began his apprenticeship as business agent for the important Centurione, Di Negro, later, he allegedly made a trip to Chios, an Aegean island then ruled by Genoa. In May 1476, he took part in a convoy sent by Genoa to carry valuable cargo to northern Europe
10. Charles Lindbergh – Charles Augustus Lindbergh, nicknamed Slim, Lucky Lindy, and The Lone Eagle, was an American aviator, military officer, author, inventor, explorer, and environmental activist. At age 25 in 1927, he went from obscurity as a U. S. Air Mail pilot to instantaneous world fame by making his Orteig Prize–winning nonstop flight from Long Island, New York, to Paris. He covered the 33 1⁄2-hour,3,600 statute miles alone in a single-engine purpose-built Ryan monoplane and this was the first solo transatlantic flight, and the first non-stop flight between North America and mainland Europe. Lindbergh was an officer in the U. S. Army Air Corps Reserve, and he received the United States highest military decoration and his achievement spurred interest in both commercial aviation and air mail, and Lindbergh himself devoted much time and effort to promoting such activity. Lindberghs historic flight and instantaneous world fame led to tragedy, in March 1932, his infant son, Charles Jr. was kidnapped and murdered in what was widely called the Crime of the Century and described by H. L. Mencken as the biggest story since the resurrection. The case prompted the United States Congress to upgrade kidnapping from a crime to a federal crime once the kidnapper had crossed state lines with his victim. By late 1935 the hysteria surrounding the case had driven the Lindbergh family into exile in Europe. Before the United States formally entered World War II, some people accused Lindbergh of being a fascist sympathizer, in his later years, Lindbergh became a prolific prize-winning author, international explorer, inventor, and environmentalist. Lindbergh had six children with his wife Anne Morrow Lindbergh, Lindbergh was born in Detroit, Michigan, on February 4,1902, and spent most of his childhood in Little Falls, Minnesota, and Washington, D. C. Charles parents separated in 1909 when he was seven, congressman from 1907 to 1917, was one of the relatively few Congressmen to oppose the entry of the U. S. into World War I. Lindberghs mother was a teacher at Cass Technical High School in Detroit. Lindbergh also attended over a dozen schools from Washington, D. C. From an early age, Lindbergh had exhibited an interest in the mechanics of motorized transportation, including his familys Saxon Six automobile, and later his Excelsior motorbike. By the time he started college as an engineering student, he had also become fascinated with flying. A few days later Lindbergh took his first formal flying lesson in that same machine and he also briefly worked as an airplane mechanic at the Billings, Montana municipal airport. With the onset of winter, however, Lindbergh left flying, though Lindbergh had not touched an airplane in more than six months, he had already secretly decided he was ready to take to the air by himself. After a half-hour of dual time with a pilot who was visiting the field to pick up another surplus JN-4, Lindbergh flew solo for the first time in the Jenny he had just purchased for $500. After spending another week or so at the field to practice, Lindbergh took off from Americus for Montgomery, Alabama, some 140 miles to the west and he went on to spend much of the rest of 1923 engaged in almost nonstop barnstorming under the name of Daredevil Lindbergh
11. Ferdinand von Zeppelin – Ferdinand Adolf Heinrich August Graf von Zeppelin was a German general and later aircraft manufacturer, who founded the Zeppelin airship company. Ferdinand was the scion of a noble family, zepelin, the familys eponymous hometown, is a small community outside the town of Bützow in Mecklenburg. Ferdinand was the son of Württemberg Minister and Hofmarschall Friedrich Jerôme Wilhelm Karl Graf von Zeppelin, Ferdinand spent his childhood with his sister and brother at their Girsberg manor near Constance, where he was educated by private tutors and lived there until his death. On 7 August 1869 Ferdinand married Isabella Freiin von Wolff in Berlin and she was from the house of Alt-Schwanenburg. They had a daughter, Helene von Zeppelin who in 1909 married Alexander Graf von Brandenstein-Zeppelin, by 1858, Zeppelin had been promoted to Lieutenant, and that year he was given leave to study science, engineering and chemistry at Tübingen. The Prussians mobilising for the Austro-Sardinian War interrupted this study in 1859 when he was called up to the Ingenieurkorps at Ulm, in 1863 Zeppelin took leave to act as an observer for the Unions Army of the Potomac in the American Civil War in Virginia. Later, Zeppelin traveled to the Upper Midwest with a party that included two Russians. Led by Native American guides, they canoed and portaged from the end of Lake Superior up the St. Louis River and across to Crow Wing. Many years later he attributed the beginning of his thinking about dirigible light-than-air craft to this experience, in 1865 Zeppelin was appointed adjutant of the King of Württemberg and as general staff officer participated in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866. He was awarded the Ritterkreuz of the Order of Distinguished Service of Württemberg, in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870/1871 a reconnaissance mission behind enemy lines, during which he narrowly avoided capture, made him famous among Germans. From 1882 until 1885 Zeppelin was commander of the 19th Uhlans in Ulm, in 1890 he gave up this post to return to army service, being given command of a Prussian cavalry brigade. His handling of this at the 1890 autumn manouevres was severely criticised and he was forced to retire from the Army, Ferdinand von Zeppelin served as an official observer with the Union Army during the American Civil War. During the Peninsular Campaign, he visited the camp of Thaddeus S. C. Lowe shortly after Lowes services were terminated by the Army, von Zeppelin then travelled to St. Paul, MN where the German-born former Army balloonist John Steiner offered tethered flights. His first ascent in a balloon, made at Saint Paul, zeppelins ideas for large dirigibles was first expressed in a diary entry dated 25 March 1874. After his resignation from the army in 1891 at age 52 and he hired the engineer Theodor Gross to make tests of possible materials and to assess available engines for both fuel efficiency and power-to-weight ratio. He also had air propellers tested and strove to obtain higher purity hydrogen gas from suppliers, whereupon Zeppelin urged his supporter Max von Duttenhofer to press Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft for more efficient engines so as not to fall behind the French. Duttenhofer wrote to Gross threatening to withdraw support, and Zeppelin shortly afterwards sacked Gross, citing Gross lack of support, after publishing the idea in March 1892 he hired the engineer Theodor Kober who started work testing and further refining the design
12. Bernhard Hoetger – Bernhard Hoetger was a German sculptor, painter and handicrafts artist of the Expressionist movement. Hoetger was the son of a Dortmund blacksmith, he studied sculpture in Detmold from 1888 to 1892, after a spell at the Düsseldorf Arts Academy, he took a trip to Paris, where he was deeply influenced by Auguste Rodin, but also got to know Paula Modersohn-Becker. Later he was able to familiarise himself with Antoni Gaudí, in 1911, Hoetger was called up to the artistic colony of Darmstadt, where he was to remain for some time. In 1914, inspired by Modersohn-Becker, he got to Worpswede and it was here where he met with Bremers Ludwig Roselius, with whom he would go on to make his masterpiece, Bremens Böttcherstraße, in an Expressionist style. Like his patron Ludwig Roselius, Hoetger sympathised with the Nazi ideals and he moved to Berlin in 1934 and tried, in vain, to instill himself through his art into the party, but in 1936 Hitler declared it to be degenerate art. Expelled from the party, in 1943 Hoetger fled to Switzerland, media related to Bernhard Hoetger at Wikimedia Commons Bernhard Hoetger in the German National Library catalogue
13. Nazi Party – Its precursor, the German Workers Party, existed from 1919 to 1920. The party emerged from the German nationalist, racist, and populist Freikorps paramilitary culture, the party was created as a means to draw workers away from communism and into völkisch nationalism. Pseudo-scientific racism theories were central to Nazism, the Nazis propagated the idea of a peoples community. Their aim was to unite racially desirable Germans as national comrades, while excluding those deemed either to be political dissidents, to maintain the supposed purity and strength of the Aryan race, the Nazis sought to exterminate Jews, Romani, and the physically and mentally handicapped. They imposed exclusionary segregation on homosexuals, Africans, Jehovahs Witnesses, the partys leader since 1921, Adolf Hitler, was appointed Chancellor of Germany by President Paul von Hindenburg on 30 January 1933. Hitler rapidly established a regime known as the Third Reich. The term Nazi derives from the name given in German to a party member Nationalsozialist and was coined in response to the German term Sozi, members of the party referred to themselves as Nationalsozialisten, rarely as Nazis. The term Parteigenosse was commonly used among Nazis, with the feminine form Parteigenossin used when it was appropriate, the term was in use before the rise of the party as a colloquial and derogatory word for a backward peasant, characterising an awkward and clumsy person. It derived from Ignaz, being a version of Ignatius, a common name in Bavaria. Opponents seized on this and shortened the name in intentional association to the long-time existing Sozi to the dismissive Nazi. In 1933, when Adolf Hitler assumed power of the German government, usage of the designation Nazi diminished in Germany, the use of Nazi Germany, and Nazi regime, was popularised by anti-Nazis and German exiles abroad. Thereafter, the spread into other languages and eventually was brought back to Germany after the Second World War. The party grew out of political groups with a nationalist orientation that formed in the last years of World War I. In 1918, a called the Freien Arbeiterausschuss für einen guten Frieden was created in Bremen. On 7 March 1918, Anton Drexler, an avid German nationalist, Drexler saw the situation of political violence and instability in Germany as the result of the new Weimar Republic being out-of-touch with the masses, especially the lower classes. These were all well-known themes popular with various Weimar paramilitary groups such as the Freikorps, though very small, Drexlers movement did receive attention and support from some influential figures. Supporter Dietrich Eckhart brought military figure Count Felix Graf von Bothmer, later in 1918, Karl Harrer, convinced Drexler and several others to form the Politischer Arbeiterzirkel. The members met periodically for discussions with themes of nationalism and racism directed against the Jews and they became one of many völkisch movements that existed in Germany at the time
14. Expressionism – Expressionism was a modernist movement, initially in poetry and painting, originating in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century. Its typical trait is to present the world solely from a subjective perspective, Expressionist artists sought to express the meaning of emotional experience rather than physical reality. Expressionism was developed as an avant-garde style before the First World War and it remained popular during the Weimar Republic, particularly in Berlin. The style extended to a range of the arts, including expressionist architecture, painting, literature, theatre, dance, film. The term is sometimes suggestive of angst, in a general sense, painters such as Matthias Grünewald and El Greco are sometimes termed expressionist, though in practice the term is applied mainly to 20th-century works. The Expressionist emphasis on individual perspective has been characterized as a reaction to positivism, though an alternate view is that the term was coined by the Czech art historian Antonin Matějček in 1910, as the opposite of impressionism, An Expressionist wishes, above all, to express himself. Immediate perception and builds on more complex psychic structures, in 1905, a group of four German artists, led by Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, formed Die Brücke in the city of Dresden. This was arguably the founding organization for the German Expressionist movement, a few years later, in 1911, a like-minded group of young artists formed Der Blaue Reiter in Munich. The name came from Wassily Kandinskys Der Blaue Reiter painting of 1903, among their members were Kandinsky, Franz Marc, Paul Klee, and Auguste Macke. However, the term Expressionism did not firmly establish itself until 1913, though mainly a German artistic movement initially and most predominant in painting, poetry and the theatre between 1910–30, most precursors of the movement were not German. Expressionism is notoriously difficult to define, in part because it overlapped with other major isms of the modernist period, with Futurism, Vorticism, Cubism, Surrealism, more explicitly, that the expressionists rejected the ideology of realism. The term refers to a style in which the artist seeks to depict not objective reality but rather the subjective emotions. It is arguable that all artists are expressive but there are examples of art production in Europe from the 15th century onward which emphasize extreme emotion. Expressionism has been likened to Baroque by critics such as art historian Michel Ragon, according to Alberto Arbasino, a difference between the two is that Expressionism doesnt shun the violently unpleasant effect, while Baroque does. Expressionism throws some terrific fuck yous, Baroque doesnt, brazil, Anita Malfatti, Cândido Portinari, Di Cavalcanti, Iberê Camargo and Lasar Segall. Estonia, Konrad Mägi, Eduard Wiiralt Finland, Tyko Sallinen, Alvar Cawén, Juho Mäkelä, there were a number of groups of expressionist painters, including Der Blaue Reiter and Die Brücke. Der Blaue Reiter was based in Munich and Die Brücke was based originally in Dresden, Die Brücke was active for a longer period than Der Blaue Reiter, which was only together for a year. The Expressionists had many influences, among them Edvard Munch, Vincent van Gogh and they were also aware of the work being done by the Fauves in Paris, who influenced Expressionisms tendency toward arbitrary colours and jarring compositions
15. Degenerate art – Degenerate art was a term adopted by the Nazi regime in Germany to describe Modern art. Such art was banned on the grounds that it was un-German, Jewish, or Communist in nature, and these included being dismissed from teaching positions, being forbidden to exhibit or to sell their art, and in some cases being forbidden to produce art. Degenerate Art also was the title of an exhibition, held by the Nazis in Munich in 1937, consisting of modernist artworks chaotically hung, designed to inflame public opinion against modernism, the exhibition subsequently traveled to several other cities in Germany and Austria. Similar restrictions were placed upon music, which was expected to be tonal and free of any jazz influences, films and plays were also censored. The early twentieth century was a period of wrenching changes in the arts, in the visual arts, such innovations as Fauvism, Cubism, Dada and Surrealism—following Symbolism and Post-Impressionism—were not universally appreciated. The majority of people in Germany, as elsewhere, did not care for the new art which many resented as elitist, morally suspect, under the Weimar government of the 1920s, Germany emerged as a leading center of the avant-garde. It was the birthplace of Expressionism in painting and sculpture, of the musical compositions of Arnold Schoenberg. Films such as Robert Wienes The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, the Nazis viewed the culture of the Weimar period with disgust. Their response stemmed partly from a conservative aesthetic taste, and partly from their determination to use culture as a propaganda tool, on both counts, a painting such as Otto Dixs War Cripples was anathema to them. It unsparingly depicts four badly disfigured veterans of the First World War, then a familiar sight on Berlins streets, rendered in caricatured style. Featured in the Degenerate Art exhibition, it would hang next to a label accusing Dix—himself a volunteer in World War I—of an insult to the German heroes of the Great War. As dictator, Hitler gave his personal taste in art the force of law to a never before seen. Only in Stalins Soviet Union, where Socialist Realism was the style, had a modern state shown such concern with regulation of the arts. In the case of Germany, the model was to be classical Greek and Roman art, Art historian Henry Grosshans says that Hitler saw Greek and Roman art as uncontaminated by Jewish influences. Modern art was an act of violence by the Jews against the German spirit. Such was true to Hitler even though only Liebermann, Meidner, Freundlich, took upon himself the responsibility of deciding who, in matters of culture, thought and acted like a Jew. By propagating the theory of degeneracy, the Nazis combined their anti-Semitism with their drive to control the culture, the term Entartung had gained currency in Germany by the late 19th century when the critic and author Max Nordau devised the theory presented in his 1892 book, Entartung. He attacked Aestheticism in English literature and described the mysticism of the Symbolist movement in French literature as a product of mental pathology, explaining the painterliness of Impressionism as the sign of a diseased visual cortex, he decried modern degeneracy while praising traditional German culture
16. Leif Ericson – Leif Erikson or Leif Ericson was an Icelandic explorer and the first known European to have discovered North America, before Christopher Columbus. According to the Sagas of Icelanders, he established a Norse settlement at Vinland, later archaeological evidence suggests that Vinland may have been the areas around the Gulf of St. Lawrence and that the LAnse aux Meadows site was a ship repair station. Leif was the son of Erik the Red, the founder of the first Norse settlement in Greenland and he was likely born in Iceland, and grew up in the family estate Brattahlíð in the Eastern Settlement in Greenland. Leif had two sons, Thorgils, born to noblewoman Thorgunna in the Hebrides, and Thorkell. Leif was the son of Erik the Red and his wife Þjóðhildur, and the grandson of Thorvaldr Ásvaldsson, and distant relative of Naddodd and he was a Viking in the early days. His year of birth is most often given as c.970 or c, Leif had two brothers, whose names were Thorsteinn and Thorvaldr, and a sister, Freydís. Thorvald Asvaldsson was banished from Norway for manslaughter and went into exile in Iceland accompanied by young Erik, when Erik was himself banished from Iceland, he travelled further west to an area he named Greenland, where he established the first permanent settlement in 986. Tyrker, one of Eriks thralls, had been trusted to keep in charge of Eriks children. Leif and his crew travelled from Greenland to Norway in 999 AD, blown off course to the Hebrides and staying for much of the summer, he arrived in Norway and became a hirdman of King Olaf Tryggvason. He also converted to Christianity and was given the mission of introducing the religion to Greenland, the Saga of Erik the Red and the Saga of the Greenlanders, both thought to have been written around 1200, contain different accounts of the voyages to Vinland. The two only known strictly historical mentions of Vinland are found in the work of Adam of Bremen c.1075 and in the Book of Icelanders compiled c.1122 by Ari the Wise. According to the Saga of Erik the Red, Leif apparently saw Vinland for the first time after being blown off course on his way to introduce Christianity to Greenland, Bjarni reportedly never made landfall there, however. Later, when travelling from Norway to Greenland, Leif was also blown off course, to a land that he did not expect to see and he next rescued two men who were shipwrecked in this country and went back to Greenland. Leif then approached Bjarni, purchased his ship, gathered a crew of thirty-five men and his father Erik was set to join him but dropped out after he fell from his horse on his way to set sail, an incident he interpreted as a bad omen. Leif followed Bjarnis route in reverse and landed first in a rocky, after venturing further by sea, he landed the second time in a forested place he named Markland. Finally, after two days at sea, he landed in a verdant area with a mild climate. As winter approached, he decided to encamp there and broke his party into two groups - one to remain at camp and the other to explore the country, during one of these explorations, Tyrker discovered that the land was full of vines and grapes. Leif therefore named the land Vinland, there, he and his crew built a small settlement, which was called Leifsbúðir by later visitors from Greenland
17. Didrik Pining – Didrik Pining was a German privateer, nobleman and governor of Iceland and Vardøhus. He is most notable because some have proposed that he may have landed in North America in the 1470s, some of the claims concerning Pining are controversial because information about him is, in general, relatively sparse and partially contradictory. Didrik Pining has been found by modern German genealogists to have been a native of Hildesheim in Germany, and it had been assumed that he was a Dane or Norwegian until the 1930s. In Hanseatic records until 1468, he is mentioned as a privateer or captain in the service of Hamburg, from 1468 to 1478, he was in the service of Denmark first under Christian I of Denmark, and later for his son, John of Denmark. Before his employment by the Danes, Pining and his partner Hans Pothorst had also regarded by the Hanseatic League as pirates who did much damage to the Hanse towns. During the later years of the reign of Christian I, Pining, Larsen based his claims on various sources which had no immediately apparent connection. Pining was according to Larsen appointed leader of an expedition to the north towards Greenland in the early 1470s and he, together with Hans Pothorst, and the Portuguese explorers João Vaz Corte-Real and Álvaro Martins, were said to have been the principals in the expedition. The navigator was supposedly the semi-mythical figure named John Scolvus, while Larsens claims have enjoyed strong scholarly and public support in Scandinavia and Portugal, it has been more disputed among German scholars. Reception of the account by American and English historians has generally ranged from ridicule to acceptance of the plausibility of at least part of it. Many further circumstances are known to support the theory, although it is concluded that the theory is not proven. Regardless, no sources explicitly supports that Pining and Pothorst had any connections with the journey by Corte-Real, Pinings orders further included investigating what formerly, in the 11th century, had been called the regiones finitimae. In 1476 they made this trip, which went to Greenland, where they were reported to have encountered hostile Inuit. The location they visited is assumed by some to have been around Angmagssalik, nothing specific suggests it went further west than this. In 1478, Didrik Pining became the governor of Iceland, serving until 1481 and he replaced the former governor Thorleif Björnsson, whose struggle to marry his own cousin Ingvild was supported by Pining. The following year, Thorleif gave Pining silver and a horn of walrus ivory to pay the king for a license for his union, the agreement was constituted in 1484, merging two of Icelands most fortunate political dynasties. In the same year, there came complaints of Pining and his men having raped women and stolen money from farmers, in 1481, Pining was present at the funeral of Danish king Christian I. He also made state visits of homage to Bergen and Copenhagen, became knighted in Norway, some years later, in 1489 and 1490, he is again described as governor over the whole of Iceland in two Icelandic laws or edicts. A later chronicler says about him that he was in ways a serviceable man
18. Hans Pothorst – Hans Pothorst was a privateer, likely from the German city Hildesheim. He is mostly notable because some have proposed that he may have discovered America along with Didrik Pining in the 1470s, in what little is known about Pothorst, he is often linked with Didrik Pining. Like Pining, Pothorst was likely from Hildesheim, pothorsts service on the Hamburg warship Bastian, seems to have been officially terminated on 1 July 1473. Sometime in the 1470s, Pining, Pothorst and Corte-Real were sent by King Christian I of Denmark on an expedition to the North-Atlantic. During the later years of the reign of Christian I, Pothorst, pothorsts home in Denmark is presumed to have been Helsingør, where his coat of arms and a simple portrait was painted among eight ceiling frescoes in the local St. Marys Church. Didrik Pining João Vaz Corte-Real Hughes, Thomas L, a review of the controversy over Pinings 1473 voyage of exploration,27, German Studies Review, pp. 503–526 Nansen, Fridtjof, Chater, Arthur G. In Northern Mists, Arctic Exploration in Early Times, Frederick A. Stokes co. pp. 124–129
19. Robert Fulton – Robert Fulton was an American engineer and inventor who is widely credited with developing a commercially successful steamboat called The North River Steamboat of Claremont. That steamboat went with passengers from New York City to Albany and back again, in 1800, he was commissioned by Napoleon Bonaparte to design the Nautilus, which was the first practical submarine in history. He is also credited with inventing some of the worlds earliest naval torpedoes for use by the British Royal Navy, Robert Fulton was born on a farm in Little Britain, Pennsylvania, on November 14,1765. He had three sisters – Isabella, Elizabeth, and Mary, and a brother, Abraham. He then married Harriet Livingston and had four children, Julia, Mary, Cornelia and his father, Robert, had been a close friend to the father of painter Benjamin West. Fulton later met West in England and they became friends, Fulton stayed in Philadelphia for six years, where he painted portraits and landscapes, drew houses and machinery, and was able to send money home to help support his mother. In 1785 he bought a farm at Hopewell Township in Washington County for £80 Sterling and moved his mother, while in Philadelphia, he met Benjamin Franklin, then known not only for his political and writing abilities but his scientific and inventing knowledge, and other prominent figures. At age 23 he decided to visit Europe, Fulton came to England in 1786, carrying several letters of introduction to Americans abroad from the individuals he had met in Philadelphia. He had already corresponded with Benjamin West, and West took Fulton into his home, Fulton gained many commissions painting portraits and landscapes, which allowed him to support himself, but he continually experimented with mechanical inventions. He became caught up in the enthusiasm of the Canal Mania and he obtained a patent for this idea in 1794 and also began working on ideas for the steam power of boats. He published a pamphlet about canals and patented a dredging machine, in 1794 he moved to Manchester to gain practical knowledge of English canal engineering. Whilst there he became friendly with Robert Owen, the cotton manufacturer, however, this practical experience was not a success and he gave up the contract after a short time. In 1797 he went to Paris where his fame as an inventor was well known, in Paris, then along with London, the scientific centers of the 18th Century world, Fulton studied languages French, and German, along with mathematics and chemistry. He began to design torpedoes and submarines, in Paris, Fulton met James Rumsey, who sat for a portrait in Wests studio, where Fulton was an apprentice. Rumsey was an inventor from Virginia who ran his own first steamboat up the Potomac River near Shepherdstown, Fulton became very enthusiastic about the canals and in 1796 wrote a treatise on canal construction, suggesting improvements to locks and other features. Working for the Duke of Bridgewater between 1796 and 1799, he had a constructed in the Dukes timber yard, under the supervision of Benjamin Powell. After installation of the machinery supplied by the engineers Bateman and Sherratt of Salford, after expensive trials, because of the configuration of the design, it was feared the paddles may damage the clay lining of the canal and the experiment was eventually abandoned. In 1801 the Duke, impressed by the Charlotte Dundas constructed by William Symington, decided to order eight of such vessels for his canal, but when he died in 1803, the order was cancelled
20. George Herbert Scott – Major George Herbert Lucky Breeze Scott, CBE, AFC, was a noted British airship pilot and engineer. Subsequently, he worked at the Royal Airship Works in connection with the Imperial Airship Scheme and took part in a second return Atlantic crossing, this time by the R100, in 1930. He was killed later in the year aboard the R100s near-sister, the R101, in addition to his achievements as an aviator, Scott made significant contributions to airship engineering, notably in the evolution of the mooring mast. Scott was born in Lewisham, London, on 25 May 1888 and he attended Alton School in Plymouth, Richmond School, Yorkshire, and the Royal Naval Engineering College, then located at Keyham, Plymouth. Scott joined the Royal Naval Air Service in 1914 as a Flight Sub-Lieutenant and trained at Farnborough in Hampshire, between May 1915 and October 1916, he was based at Barrow-in-Furness. 4, an airship built in 1913 to the designs of August von Parseval. In the first of a number of landing accidents involving Scott, subsequently, Scott took command of the Anglesey station, before returning to Barrow in March 1917. In April 1917, he was posted to RNAS Howden, Yorkshire, 9r, the first British rigid airship to fly. He went on to command the ship at Cranwell, Lincolnshire. On the formation of the RAF in April 1918, he was gazetted to the rank of Major, damage to the airship during a trial flight forced a delay in departure, meaning that Alcock and Brown beat the R34 to the distinction of making the first non-stop transatlantic flight. The R34 eventually set out from its base at East Fortune, Scotland, despite dodging storms and fogs and running low on both fuel and hydrogen, it landed at Mineola, New York, on 6 July, after 108 hours and 12 minutes of flying time. The return trip began late on 10 July and ended at Pulham on 13 July, Scott received the CBE in honour of his role in the flight. Scott retired from the RAF in October 1919, subsequently joining the staff of the Royal Airship Works at Cardington, Bedfordshire. During this period, Scott took part in the trials of the new passenger airship R36, however, thanks to Scotts decision to conduct the tests at altitude, he was able to trim and. bring her safely to earth by moving crew members about within the hull. However, just a week after the Ascot flight, the R36s career was ended by severe damage to its bows resulting from an accident at Pulham. After taking over command from the captain, Flight Lieutenant Herbert Irwin. During the same period, Scott also served as a member of the Air Ministry committee that investigated the loss in 1921 of the R38, the Imperial Airship Scheme, providing for the construction of two competing prototype passenger airships, was instigated in 1924. In the same year, Scott assumed the position of Officer in Charge of Flying and Training in the Air Ministrys Airship Directorate, following the incident, Booth praised the valuable guidance that Scott had provided via radio
21. Arthur Whitten Brown – Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Arthur Whitten Brown, KBE was the navigator of the first successful non-stop transatlantic flight. Arthur Whitten Brown was born in Glasgow to American parents, his father had sent to Scotland to evaluate the feasibility of siting a Westinghouse factory in Clydeside. The factory was sited in Trafford Park in Stretford, Lancashire. Brown began his career in engineering before the outbreak of World War I, in 1914, he enlisted in the ranks of the University and Public Schools Brigade for which he had to take out British citizenship. The ranks of the UPS were full of officers and Brown was one of those who sought a commission to become a Second Lieutenant in the 3rd Battalion of the Manchester Regiment. After service in France, Brown was seconded to 2 Squadron Royal Flying Corps as an observer, browns aircraft was shot down by anti-aircraft fire over Vendin-le-Vieil in France while on artillery observation duties. He was sent back to England to recuperate but returned only to be shot down again, Brown and his pilot, 2nd Lt. H. W. Medlicott, were captured by the Germans. Later interned in Switzerland, Brown was repatriated in September 1917, after a period of leave he went to work with Major Kennedy RAF in the Ministry of Munitions. This led Brown to meet Kennedys daughters, one of whom he later married, after the war Brown sought various appointments that would give him the security to allow him to marry. The flight from St. Johns, Newfoundland to Clifden, Connemara and they departed St Johns at 1.45 pm local time, and landed in Derrygimla bog 16 hours and 12 minutes later after flying 1,980 miles. The flight was made in a modified Vickers Vimy bomber, later he worked for Metropolitan-Vickers, the company that had once been British Westinghouse. In 1923 he was appointed representative for Metropolitan-Vickers in the Swansea area. During World War II Brown served in the Home Guard as a Lieutenant-Colonel before resigning his commission in July 1941, rejoining the RAF and his health deteriorated and by mid-1943 he had to resign from the RAFVR and give up his Air Training Corps commitments on medical advice. Browns only son, Arthur, was killed on the night of 5/6 June 1944, aged 22 and his aircraft, a de Havilland Mosquito VI NT122, of 605 Squadron, crashed in the Netherlands. Buster was buried at the cemetery in Hoorn, the town closest to the crash. The death of his son affected Brown badly. By 1948 Brown’s health had deteriorated, although he was allowed to undertake restricted duties as general manager for Metropolitan-Vickers at the Wind Street offices. Brown died in his sleep on 4 October 1948 from an overdose of Veronal
22. John Alcock (RAF officer) – He died in a flying accident in France in 1919. John Alcock was born on 5 November 1892 at Basford House on Seymour Grove, Firswood, Manchester and he attended St Thomass Primary School in Heaton Chapel, Stockport and Heyhouses School in Lytham St Annes. He first became interested in flying at the age of 17 and his first job was at the Empress Motor Works in Manchester. In 1910 he became an assistant to Works Manager Charles Fletcher, an early Manchester aviator and Norman Crossland, a motor engineer and founder of Manchester Aero Club. It was during this period that Alcock met the Frenchman Maurice Ducrocq who was both a pilot and UK sales representative for aero engines made by the Italian Spirito Mario Viale. Ducrocq took Alcock on as a mechanic at the Brooklands aerodrome, Surrey, Alcock then joined the Sunbeam Motor Car Company as a racing pilot. By summer 1914 he was proficient enough to compete in a Hendon-Birmingham-Manchester and return air race and he landed at Trafford Park Aerodrome and flew back to Hendon the same day. At the outbreak of World War I, Alcock joined the Royal Naval Air Service as an instructor at the Royal Naval Flying School at Eastchurch in Kent. It was whilst at Eastchurch that Alcock received his commission as a flight sub-lieutenant in December 1915, in 1916 he was transferred to a squadron operating at Moudros, on the Greek island of Lemnos. While stationed at Moudros he conceived and built the Alcock Scout, on 30 September 1917, whilst piloting a Sopwith Camel Alcock attacked three enemy aircraft, forcing two to crash into the sea. For this action he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, after returning to base he then piloted a Handley Page bomber on a raid to Constantinople. He was forced to back to base after an engine failed near Gallipoli. After flying on an engine for more than 60 miles, that engine failed. Alcock and his crew of two were unable to attract nearby British destroyers, and when the plane began to sink they swam for an hour to reach the enemy-held shore. All three were taken prisoner next day by the Turkish forces, Alcock remained a prisoner of war until the Armistice and retired from the Royal Air Force in March 1919. After the war Alcock became a test pilot for Vickers and took up the challenge of attempting to be the first to fly directly across the Atlantic. The flight had been affected by bad weather, making accurate navigation difficult, the intrepid duo also had to cope with turbulence, instrument failure. The flight was made in a modified Vickers Vimy bomber and won a £10,000 prize offered by Londons Daily Mail newspaper for the first non-stop flight across the Atlantic
23. James Fitzmaurice (pilot) – James Michael Christopher Fitzmaurice DFC was an Irish aviation pioneer. He was a member of the crew of the Bremen, which made the first successful Trans-Atlantic aircraft flight from East to West on 12–13 April 1928, Fitzmaurice was born in Dublin, Ireland on 6 January 1898. His parents were Michael FitzMaurice and Mary Agnes ORiordan, the family resided at 35 Mountjoy Cottages on Dublins North Circular Road. On 23 May 1902, at the age of four, Fitzmaurice moved with his parents to a house on Dublin Road, Portlaoise, Fitzmaurice attended St. Marys, a Christian Brothers School in Maryborough until shortly before his 16th birthday. In 1914 he joined the Irish National Volunteers, later that year, he enlisted in the Cadet Company of the 7th Battalion of the Leinsters. He was then 16 years of age although the minimum age was 19. Fitzmaurice was taken out by his father for being underage, in 1915, Fitzmaurice enlisted in the British Army, 17th Lancers. He was sent to France, was wounded, and was recommended for a commission. He arrived in France circa May 1916 and he was then posted to another English unit, the 7th Battalion of the Queens Royal Regiment of Foot as an acting sergeant. It was part of the 55th Brigade in the British 55th Division, in July 1916, he fought in the Battle of the Somme. On his 19th birthday in January 1917, Fitzmaurice held the rank of Corporal, was an acting Sergeant and he was approved for a commission in May. On 8 June, Fitzmaurice left for England to take up commission and he was sent for training to Cadet College and gazetted to the 8th Battalion, Kings as a Second Lieutenant on 28 November 1917. Fitzmaurice was then posted to the School of Military Aeronautics at Reading,1 June 1918 Fitzmaurice began his practical flying training at Eastbourne Aerodrome. On 28 October 1918, having completed his training at Eastbourne, Fitzmaurice was posted to the No.1 School of Fighting and Aerial Gunnery at Marske-by-the-Sea. He completed his training as a pilot and was posted to sail to France on 11 November 1918. His sailing was cancelled when the Armistice was announced, Fitzmaurice married Violet Bill Clarke on his 21st birthday. He continued to serve in the Royal Air Force, flying the mails with 110 Squadron and he served in the Army of Occupation until 1919. In May 1919, he was selected to undertake the first night mail flight, in 1919, he was selected for a Cape to Cairo flight
24. Hugo Eckener – He was also responsible for the construction of the most successful type of airships of all time. An anti-Nazi who was invited to campaign as a moderate in the German presidential elections, he was blacklisted by that regime, Eckener was born in Flensburg as the first child of Johann Christoph Eckener from Bremen and Anna Lange, daughter of a shoemaker. As a youth he was judged an indifferent student, and he spent summers sailing, nevertheless, by 1892 under Professor Wilhelm Wundt, Eckener had earned a doctorate magna cum laude in what today might be deemed experimental psychology. Eckener then began his service in the Infantry Regiment 86 in Flensburg. Eckeners early career was as a journalist and editor, by August 1893 he was working for the Flensburger Nachrichten, in October 1897 he married Johanna, daughter of the publisher family Maaß. He later became a correspondent for the Frankfurter Zeitung in 1905 and 1906, asked to cover the first flights of the Zeppelins LZ1 and LZ2, Eckener was critical of both airships marginal performances, but praised Count Ferdinand von Zeppelins dedication to his cause. He became extremely interested in airships, and joined the company on a full-time basis and his aptitude at flying was noticed early on in his career, and he became an airship captain, obtaining his airship license in 1911. Nonetheless, he became a very successful airshipman, Eckener was responsible for training most of Germanys airship pilots both during and after World War I. Despite his protestations, he was not allowed on operational missions due to his value as an instructor, after the War, Eckener succeeded Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin, who had died on 8 March 1917. Colsman left the company soon afterwards, the Treaty of Versailles had forbidden Germans to construct airships of the size needed to operate the profitable trans-Atlantic service that was Eckeners goal. Eckener himself captained the airship on its flight to Lakehurst. The Los Angeles became the rigid airship ever operated by the US Navy. The first flight to America was fraught with drama, near Bermuda on the outbound flight the airship was nearly lost after becoming caught in a severe storm during which fabric was ripped off the left fin. The ship was saved only by Eckeners skilled piloting and the courage of his son, Knut Eckener, upon arrival in America, a country which Eckener grew to love, he and the crew were subject to the first of two New York ticker tape parades. A master of publicity as well as an airship captain, Eckener used the Graf Zeppelin to establish the Zeppelin as a symbol of German pride. After these flights the public treated Eckener as a national hero, during the early 1930s, Eckener was one of the most well-known and respected figures in Weimar Republic Germany. However, his candidacy had already angered the Nazi party. In supposed anger and fear of Eckener, Hitlers de facto deputy, Hermann Esser, once called him the director of the flying weisswurst, the Nazis came to power in January 1933
25. International Standard Book Number – The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
26. Atlantis House – The Atlantis House on Böttcherstraße in the old town of Bremen in the north of Germany is an interesting example of German architecture in the interwar period. Designed by Bernhard Hoetger, it was completed in 1931, after suffering serious war damage, it was rebuilt in 1965 with a new facade designed by Ewald Mataré. The Atlantis building has been described as the centre of Roseliuss architectural investment in Böttcherstraße. The facade which was rebuilt after the war was originally rasterized right up to the roof with steel supports, the visible framework was accompanied by one of Hoetgers monumental carved wooden features above the entrance representing the Tree of Life. It formed an image of the Wheel of the Year, a cross. Hanging on the cross was the figure of the Altlantis saviour. The Lebensbaum, which was criticized by the Nazis, was destroyed by fire during the war. Inside the house there is designer lighting that shows off the choice of bold colours. The building has a winding futuristic staircase made from glass and concrete which leads up to the Himmelssaal on the first floor with a ceiling decorated with white and blue glass blocks. The three floors originally started out with a room on the first floor, the Himmelssaal ballroom on the second. In 1988, the Atlantis House complex was sold to the Swedish hotel firm Scandic which combined it with an adjacent recently completed hotel building, today the building belongs to Radisson as the Radisson Blu Hotel, Bremen. The Himmelssaal is open to the public, list of hotels in Germany Photographs of Hoetgers Odin sculpture at Haus Atlantis
27. Bremen Cotton Exchange – The Bremen Cotton Exchange was built in 1902 on the market square in Bremen, Germany, to house the offices of the citys cotton exchange founded in 1872. Johann Poppes Neo-Renaissance facades and carefully finished interiors can still be seen today, since 1788, when it first arrived in Bremen on emigrant ships returning from North America, cotton has been an important commodity for the city. In 1894, over a million bales of cotton were unloaded, in 1872, the Committee for the Cotton Trade was created to promote the interests of those involved in the cotton market. Banks, shipping companies, cotton mills and insurance companies later became members too, in 1900, work began on the construction of the Cotton Exchange Building in the centre of Bremen. The exchange allowed the trading of Futures in 1914, but the First World War and the ensuing inflation prevented their re-establishment until 1926. The exchange closed again for the Second World War, during the war, the rear part of the building was destroyed in RAF bombing attacks on Bremen, and the steeple-like tower in front was severely damaged and later pulled down. After repairs, the exchange reopened in 1956, in 1961, a multistory parking garage was built where the rear part of the building had been. Even today, the Rules of the Bremen Cotton Exchange serve as a reference in drawing up contracts. The Bremer Baumwollbörse still has over 200 members but its offices are now in Wachtstraße, located on the corner of Wachtstraße and the Marktplatz, the building which originally had five storeys was completed in 1902. It combined the latest structural techniques with a degree of functionality. As a result of weathering, the richly decorated walls of sandstone had to be almost completely renewed from 1922 to 1924 under the supervision of Otto Blendermann. Its carefully designed interiors can still be seen today, of particular note are the stairway with railings by Hermann Prell and the glass mosaics in the main entrance by Puhl & Wagner
28. Landgericht Bremen – The Landgericht Bremen is located on the Domsheide in the old town of Bremen, Germany. It was built in the late 19th century in the French Renaissance style and it has been a listed building since 1992. In addition to the services of the regional court, the building houses sections of the Public Prosecutors department. The courthouse and remand prison were built from 1891 to 1895 and from 1902 to 1906 by the Oldenburg architects Ludwig Klingenberg, together with the two wings of the remand prison, the sprawling complex extends over an entire block. The design is based on the requirements of its judicial services although its staircase. The outer walls are inspired by French Renaissance architecture, especially features from the Château de Blois, the statue of Justice on Ostertorstraße is the work of Rudolph Lauer. Largely spared by the effects of the war, the building has been restored on several occasions, a plaque on the Ostertorstraße reads, Dies Haus ist gewidmet dem Rechte zum Schutz – dem Boesen zum Trutz. The impressive sandstone and bronze decorations of the cornice include lions, the heads of Megaera and Medusa, stained-glass windows depict the Ten Commandments above the entrance and the cardinal virtues in the first floor windows overlooking Violenstraße. The figures of animals and birds decorating the corbels symbolize vice in the struggle for virtue, the Hanseatic Arms are presented in the form of a maiolica crest representing shipping and trade
29. Bremen Main Post Office Building – The Bremen Main Post Office Building or is a Neo-Renaissance building in Bremen, Germany, that used to be the Imperial Post Office for the Bremen area. The building stands on the city square named Domsheide, the project followed the establishment of the Deutsche Reichspost as a national monopoly in 1871. The building was built in the Neo-Renaissance style of the times, the sections overlooking the Domsheide were three storeys high while those on the lower Dechanatstraße had four storeys. Until 1896, the building enclosed a large courtyard, the interior was decorated with paintings by Arthur Fitger. While fine apartments in such buildings were common, the hall was unusual. Arthur Fitger depicted nymphs and centaurs in the arches and the apartment was in line with his high status within the German Empire. During the 1970s the building was redesigned to meet the needs of the German Federal Post Office. Since 2006 the building has been used by the St John Catholic School, the buildings history is summarised with a plaque on the wall which includes a QRpedia code that links to this article. Last not least, the post office in the ground flour has not been closed, handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmäler, Bremen Niedersachsen
30. Deutsche Bank building, Bremen – The Deutsche Bank building on Domshof Square in the centre of Bremen, Germany, was completed in 1891 in a Historicist style by the architects Wilhelm Martens and Friedrich Wilhelm Rauschenberg. The imposing building located at No.25 Domshof was designed by Wilhelm Martens from Berlin, the building was for the Deutsche Bank which had been founded in 1870 in Berlin with a major aim of supporting foreign trade with Germany. Martens, the architect of Deutsche Bank, Berlin, was considered a specialist in bank design. He also drew up plans for the Sparkasse building on Bremens Am Brill which was completed in 1906, the Deutsche Bank am Domshof has been a listed building since 1981. In connection with the construction of the Domshof Passage from 1996 to 1999, the passage is a shopping arcade with sixteen shops which allows visitors to travel to the Katherinenpassage which was built less than ten years before. The building faces the Domshof, the square, in Bremen. Titled Unser Planet, it was made by the German sculptor Bernd Altenstein
31. Essighaus – The Essighaus was an impressive gabled town house in the old town of Bremen in northern Germany. One of the citys finest examples of Renaissance architecture, it was almost completely destroyed by bombing in 1943, the entrance flanked by projecting bay windows is the only part of the building which has been restored. The house was built in 1618 in the ornate Renaissance style, with its richly decorated facade and interior, it was known well beyond the bounds of the city. Combining living quarters, an office and a shop, it was typical of Bremens old merchants houses, in 1897, a wine bar called the Alt-Bremer Haus opened on the premises. The Bremen branch of the East Asian Company was founded there by local merchants in 1901, Essighaus was the location of a fainting spell by Sigmund Freud in 1909. This was not seen as an event by his student Carl Jung who saw it as evidence of the psychoanalysts own neurosis. In 1956, after suffering serious war damage, the house was rebuilt by the architects Wilhelm Wortmann, following conversion work in 1985, the building now belongs to the Deutsche Factoring Bank. Since 1973, it has listed as a heritage monument. A plaque on the records the history of the building
32. Forum Domshof – The Forum Domshof is a sheltered area with a glass roof on the Domshof square in the centre of Bremen in northern Germany. It contains the Bistro-Café Alex, which was built in 1998, in 1998/99, after the tram stop had been relocated, the Domshof-Forum was built to the design of the architects office Joachim Schürmann. An almost horizontal glass roof was erected, supported by eight columns with a height of 16 m. The roof has an area of 1,000 m2 and is stabilised by delicate steel rope structures. The three-storeyed building below this roof which occupies one third of the Domshof looks like giant glass containers piled up on top of each other. The floor space of 700 m2 allows for 150 seats, the Domshof Café consists of glass, steel, white square wall panels and white sun-protection blinds. The outdoor area below the roof offers a view across the Domshof. The building is operated by the Bistro-Café Alex
33. Heineken House – The Heineken House is a historic building in Bremen, Germany. The house has Bremens oldest painted wooden ceiling, the buildings exterior dates from the 18th century but its core is medieval. The Heineken House is known to have been renovated in 1579, the 1570 date is known from extant documentation but it is underwritten by dendocrinology which has dated the timbers in the house. The buildings exterior dates from 1744 and it gets its name from local mayor Christian Abraham Heineken, a notable early owner but not the first. In 1803 Bremen was divided into four areas and each of these had a mayor, Heineken was one of those mayors who became involved in the defortification of the town. Since 1974, the house has been the headquarters of the State Office for Historic Monuments and this saved the building as there had been planning applications to use it for less sympathetic purposes. In 2014 an information plaque was added to the wall of the house which links by QR code to this article
34. Hotel zur Post – For the hotel in Velburg see Hotel zur Post. For the hotel in Altötting see Hotel zur Post, Hotel zur Post, now also known as Best Western Hotel zur Post, is a hotel in Bremen, Germany, originally built in 1889. The hotel was built by the innkeeper Johann Heinrich Christian Schaunhorst in building No.11 on the Bahnhofsplatz, in 1932 the hotel was acquired by Georg Lünsmann. The innkeeper Fritz Roessler obtained the hotel in 1938, during World War II the building was destroyed. From 1952 to 1953, the Hotel zur Post was rebuilt according to the plans of the architects Günther Gengler, the modern new eight-storey building had 77 beds and other additions. The hotel rose to one of the great houses of the city. A restaurant L’Orchidée was awarded the Michelin star between 1989 and 2010 and is considered to be Bremens top restaurant. After the takeover by Best Western, the hotel now has 174 rooms with about 350 beds
35. House of the Seven Lazy Brothers – The House of the Seven Lazy Brothers is a historic building in Bremen, Germany, completed in 1927. The first version of the house was home to the department of Roseliuss coffee company. When it was rebuilt in 1954 the new design was based on a local story. After venturing into the world for a few years, they returned to the city. With the benefit of experience, they worked in their fathers fields, dug drainage ditches, the citizens finally realized how astute they had been. While the fountain still presents seven lazy figures, the proud, in 1924, Ludwig Roselius acquired a lease for a period of 60 years on the land on Böttcherstraße covering No. 15-19 and later obtained permission to develop the old packhouses at No. He persuaded the authorities to let him build a colony of shops, studios and apartments there. Opposite the Paula Modersohn-Becker House, Runge and Scotland designed the complex known as the HAG Haus. They included traditional North German features such as stepped gables, dormers, the only part of the building left after it was damaged in the war is the former Kaffee HAG coffee-tasting room. The remainder of the building was based on the original style in 1954. The figures standing on the top of the gable overlooking the Schütting are the work of Aloys Röhr from Münster, the figures of the seven brothers looking proud and far from lazy are said to be a homage to Roseliuss ideas. The building today is home to a tea shop, a toy shop and a gift shop
36. Karstadt (Bremen) – Karstadt in Bremen is the largest department store in Bremen. It is located on Obernstrasse and Sögestrasse, in the old town in the city centre, completed in 1932, the building was listed in 2010 as a notable example of department store architecture in the interwar period. The first building was built on the corner of Sögestrasse and Pelzerstrasse by Rudolph Karstadt AG, established in 1881 by Rudolph Karstadt. The first branch in Bremen had opened in 1902, between 1930 and 1932, a new building was built on the corner of Obernstrasse and Sögestrasse. There were two architects, the Bremen office of Heinrich Wilhelm Behrens and Friedrich Neumark, the building was designed in accordance with the approach of the Karstadt construction office under the leadership of Philipp Schaefer. In 2010, the building was listed for protection under the Monuments Act. Its architecture is considered representative of the department store style of the second, Philipp Schaefer had developed an architectural language which was not only consistent but also convincing in a formal sense. The old building in Sögestrasse was subsequently used for low-priced commodities under the name of EPA-Warenhaus, during the Second World War, it was completely destroyed. When the department store Kepa-Kaufhaus closed, its building was demolished. In 1995, Karstadt-Sports, a department store for goods was built. When the department store Horten came to Bremen, Karstadt had the opportunity to buy the building housing the DeFaKa-department store in Obernstrasse, the façade of that building had a brown metallic covering. In 1965, it underwent major refurbishment with the closure of the atrium, Karstadt was involved when the Grosse Hundestrasse was converted into the Lloyd-Passage pedestrian zone. After its expansion, Karstadt became the largest department store in Northern Germany, in terms of variety of goods, it was Germanys fourth largest. In its building on Obernstrasse, there are seven floors covering 30,000 m2 of sales area, in the basement, there is a sizeable foodstuffs area. Up to 1,000 employees are employed in the Karstadt branch
37. Kontorhaus am Markt – The Kontorhaus am Markt in Bremen is a historical building in the city centre of Bremen, Germany. Today, it is used as a shopping mall and it is situated at the Bremer Marktplatz between three streets, Langenstrasse 2/8, Stintbruecke 1 and Bredenstrasse 13. The image of Langenstrasse was characterised by old packing and storage houses, the smaller houses with gabled roofs behind the Schütting were pulled down in 1913 when the chamber of commerce building was enlarged. Other buildings were pulled down at the site where the Disconto-Bank was built, until 1929, this was an important commercial bank with its head office in Berlin and subsidiaries in Bremen, Frankfurt am Main, London and Hamburg. The new buildings were situated in vicinity of the Schütting. The large building is an example of the development of the city of Bremen in the vicinity of the Markt and it was the endeavour of the senate and its group of experts to protect the historical outline of the region around the Bremer Marktplatz. The architects succeeded in designing an office building with a faҫade decorated with motives of local importance. The impact is created partly by the use of Muschelkalk freestone in a historicising style. The three-storey building having magnificent proportions has a pediment on the market side with an open arcade. On top of the arches, ten sculptures, decoratively patterned, are supported on columns, originally, the longitudinal building faҫade at the Langenstrasse was decorated and structured by two dormers which were, however, not preserved. The lower portion of the Langenstrasse faҫade consists of clinker-bricks, the saddleback roof originally had several dormers which were replaced lateron by more modern, higher dormers. The portal being the main entrance to the Disconto Bank at the Langenstrasse consists of three sections. It is framed by columns bearing allegoric sculptures, a major modification of the building was carried out in 1966. Thereafter, the building was used by the Deutsche Telekom as an office, in summer 1999, the building was acquired by the Bremer Investitions-Gesellschaft. The complex was renewed and supplemented according to the design of the architects Manfred Schomers. The upper storeys are in use, since 2001, as offices, the main office of the organisation for the promotion of trade and industry is situated here. Since 1994, the buildings Langenstrasse No.2 to 18 have been listed as an ensemble as historic monument
38. Landherrnamt – The Landherrnamt is a building in the Schnoor district of Bremen, Germany, which was designed by Alexander Schröder in the Neo-Romanesque style and completed in 1856. The building was designed by Bremens planning director, Alexander Schröder and his style embraced Neoclassisism and Romanesque Revival architecture. The building initially housed the offices of the Landherrn who administered the State of Bremen from 1850, until the end of the Second World War it accommodated the police and administrative services as well as the dike authorities. After the war, with its 1,000 m2 of floor space, in 1964, the Catholic Church took the building over as a nunnery but later used it to accommodate classes from the St. Johannis School. In 2011, major repairs were carried out to improve conditions for the schoolchildren, the 150-year-old facade was also renovated, the former pink finish being removed to reveal the natural colour of the sandstone
39. New Town Hall (Bremen) – The New Town Hall has stood on the Domshof in the centre of Bremen, Germany since 1913. Located behind the Unser-Lieben-Frauen-Kirchhof cemetery, it is adjacent to the section of the Town Hall with which it forms a harmonious ensemble. Among its sumptuous rooms decorated with local artefacts, the New Town Hall houses the Senate Chamber used by the Senate for its meetings and the Great Hall. In 2004, Bremen Town Hall was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, between 1819 and 1908, the building known as the Stadthaus supplemented the Town Hall in fulfilling the administrative requirements of the city. It had been built on the site of the Palatium, the archbishops residence, the Stadthaus was a fairly simple building in the Neo-classical style. It consisted of offices and storage rooms for the municipal administration, in 1818, Bremen had 37,029 inhabitants but by 1904, the population had grown to 206,928. The rather modest building failed to meet the requirements of the city. It lacked office space and was not sufficiently representative of the citys prosperity, in 1891, Franz Schütte, the so-called petroleum king of Bremen, proposed replacing the Stadthaus with a more representative building. He presented plans prepared by cathedral architect Max Salzmann but as no funds were available, in 1899, Schütte bought a large plot of land from the senate for 2.5 million marks. He promised to develop the property on condition the city contributed its own resources towards building the new municipal administration, the proposals by Schütte and his consortium were initially turned down. But after heated debate in the parliamentary Bürgerschaft of Bremen, they were accepted with a majority of 89 in favour,26 against and 1 abstention. An open architectural competition for a new building as an extension to the existing Town Hall was launched in 1903/04, despite the receipt of 105 proposals, none was selected. Another limited architectural competition in 1907/08 resulted in the selection of a proposal from the Munich architect Gabriel von Seidl, in 1909, the existing Stadthaus —– known as the grey box —- was pulled down, together with the remainder of the palatium dating from 1580. In 1908, the city police had moved into the new station located on the Am Wall street. The new Town Hall, three times larger than the old building, was built from 1909 to 1913, mostly by construction companies. The result was a fine three-storey Neo-Renaissance building with a clinker-brick faҫade, the finish consisted of clinker bricks from Oldenburg and Muschelkalk limestone from Bavaria while Obernkirchen sandstone was used for the interior. Despite the practices of the times, it was decided there should be no tower, the main faҫade on the eastern side overlooking the cathedral consists of five two-sectioned windows with a narrow window band on either side. The hipped roof is structured with seven dormers, in the middle of the roof, there is a small ridge turret crowned by a Fortuna sculpted in gilt bronze and designed by Georg Roemer
40. Raths-Apotheke (Bremen) – The Raths-Apotheke is a listed building on the Market Square in Bremen, Germany. After suffering war damage, the building was restored with two gables in the Neobaroque style in 1958, re-establishing the squares sequence of gabled buildings dating from the 1820s, there has been a Raths-Apotheke in Bremen since 1510. The exact location of the building is not known but it was probably situated in Sögestrasse. It is first mentioned in a document from 1 October 1532 in which the city requires the pharmacist to sell his wares at fair prices, the pharmacist received his income from the city council. From the 17th century, the council leased the pharmacy for 10 years at a time, the supervision was ensured by the third mayor and by a councillor. From 1594 to 1820, two beautiful three-storey gabled buildings in the Weser Renaissance style stood of the site of todays Raths-Apotheke, differing in height and width, they had been designed by Lüder von Bentheim, one with two bays, the other with three. They housed the apothecary and the excise office, the apothecary itself had a tall triangular gable with pyramids on either side. In the 17th century, additional pharmacies were established in Bremen, the Einhorn-Apotheke in 1640, and the Hirsch-Apotheke, in August 1815, the city council sold the Raths-Apotheke property to Jacob Henschen, the licensee. In 1824, Henschen demolished the buildings which had fallen into disrepair, around 1830, a new plain three-storey building was erected in the Neoclassical style practised by Biedermeier. Standing in the northwest corner of the Marktplatz, the building looked strange. In 1893, it was damaged by a fire but the owner, Friedrich Hauck. A lively public discussion took place, involving the Bürgerschaft of Bremen and it became generally accepted that as the market place was close to the hearts of the citizens, its appearance had to be maintained. As a result, the architect, Max Salzman, submitted plans for a new façade. Built of yellow Silesian marble, the German Renaissance building was completed in 1894 and its central gable and the oriels on the first and second floors drew out its vertical lines. On 6 October 1944, the interior of the building was destroyed by bombs but the ground floor. After the war, the two storeys of the building were repaired but it was only in 1958 that restoration was completed. Planned by Herbert Anker, instead of a central gable. The work re-established the ensemble of gabled buildings on the Marktplatz from 1830, as the oriels on the first and second floor had originally been designed as features of a single gable, their removal was contemplated but rejected
41. Robinson Crusoe House – Robinson Crusoe House is a stepped-gabled house on Böttcherstraße in the old town district of Bremen, Germany. It was built by the coffee merchant Ludwig Roselius who admired the pioneering spirit of Daniel Defoes fictional hero Robinson Crusoe. In 1931, the Robinson Crusoe House and the Atlantis House opposite completed the construction of buildings in Böttcherstraße, the coffee merchant Ludwig Roselius, who envisioned and financed the Böttcherstraße project, had himself proposed the design which was developed by Karl von Weihe. The interior was designed by the architects Eduard Scotland and Alfred Runge, Roselius chose the name in memory of the novel by Daniel Defoe from 1719 whose hero was the son of a Bremen merchant who had settled in York. He admired the pioneering Robinson Crusoe for his Hanseatic spirit, Roselius foresaw a rather conventional Lower Saxony brick building with a stepped gable. The house stood at the Martinistraße end of the street with a building on the opposite corner. A curved opening supported by a column in the corner of each building is a special feature. The rooms in Robinson Crusoe House were devoted principally to the newly founded Club zu Bremen, in 1944, the house was destroyed by bombing but was rebuilt in 1954. None of the original decorations remain but today there are carved panels in the stairway representing scenes from the story of Robinson Crusoe crafted by Theodor Schultz-Walbaum. Located on the outside of the Robin Crusoe House are two sculptures from Bernhard Hoetger called Panther carrying the Night and Puma carrying the Day, a new exhibition is featured each month. From October every year, the houses the traditional Weihnachtsmarkt or Christmas market. Robinson-Crusoe-Haus site with photographs of the original interiors
42. Schlachte Great Crane – The Schlachte Cranes were important to the port of Bremen as they enabled heavy loads to be moved off boats on the River Weser. The Schlachte became an important harbour for the city after silting prevented the use of the Balge as a harbour, today, only the foundations of a 19th-century crane remain on the Weser waterfront. A map of Bremen made around 1640 clearly shows what must be a large crane, the wooden structure was built around a central mast that allowed the crane to turn. A new harbour crane installed in 1684 is attributed to Jacob Leupold and this crane could also rotate but two large treadwheels enabled six men to lift a load of three tonnes. In his book on the theory of machines, Leupold illustrates two cranes at Bremen, the more ambitious model is pictured here. The boom would have much longer as it has been shortened to fit within the illustration. The crane would have used for moving exceptionally heavy loads of single items as the predominant method of moving loads was to use human labour. The Schlachte became an important harbour for the city after silting prevented the use of the Balge as a harbour, today the stone foundations of a large crane are preserved on the Schlachte promenade along the River Weser. A plaque explains the history of the cranes, mit Koggen zum Marktplatz, Bremens Hafenstrukturen vom frühen Mittelalter bis zum Beginn der Industrialisierung
43. Shipper's House in Bremen – The Shippers House in Bremen, Germany is an internationally known building in the oldest district of the Free Hanseatic city of Bremen. The house was registered as a monument in 1973 and is in Schnoor. During the last 25 years of the 20th century the house was a private museum and it was an attraction for many, visitors including the former German Foreign Minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher. This house was built in 1630 on the bank of the Klosterbalge. The house was extended in 1750 and around the year 1920, the original truss is largely preserved. It is likely that some beams are about 400 years old, in contrast to some other buildings in the Schnoor, the interstices of the truss are filled with stones. The type of construction can be traced back to the position of homeowners, Half-timbered houses with clay. Only rich people who could afford used stones and roof shingles, during the 19th century the house was an inn with a restaurant on the ground floor and accommodations on the upper floors. From 1919 until the middle of the 20th century there was a business for boat supplies, groceries, after his retirement the owner Theodor Dahle turned the ground floor into a private museum showing an old inn. The museum was expanded around 1975 to the upper floors, in December 2006 the association WeserStrom decided to open office and place of business in this house in order to establish a cooperative to finance a new water power plant in Bremen. The building of this plant was finished in 2011 - but without capital from the cooperative, from September 2007 to January 2009 a shop in the lower two floors offered art and antiques from Bremen and Worpswede. At the end of August 2011 a group of artists who showed their pictures in the gallery Artemis, Schnoor 15. In July 2012 the gallery changed its name to Künstlerhaus im Schnoor and this gallery closed at the end of December 2012. In January 2013 the house was sold at auction for about 200,000 Euro. In 1878 the innkeeper Heinrich Lohmann bought the house at a price of 7,950 marks, in December 2005 the environmental scientist Frank M. Rauch bought the house and developed a virtual museum. The owner Theodor Dahle turned the floor into a reproduction of a historic restaurant. This device was shown around 1975 as a museum and stayed until the end of 2005 largely preserved. The upper rooms were shown as they were unchanged since the death of Dahles wife, in connection with an internet shop the new owner developed a virtual museum to show the history of the house
44. Spitzen Gebel – Spitzen Gebel is a historic building in the centre of Bremen, Germany, located at No. Its origins date to the year 1400, but it was rebuilt in the Gothic style in 1590 with additions in 1610, since 1973, it has been a listed building. Dating from the time around 1400, the Spitzen Gebel is the oldest town house, the building has served as both a shop and a private residence over the centuries. Its Low German name stems from the pointed gable crowning its facade and it was a wine house, a butchers shop and a tavern until in 1913 it became an office for the Vereinigten Klavierträger. As a result, the residents of Bremen still remember it as the Klavierträgerhaus. The building has been altered on several occasions, the projecting bay windows, a popular feature in Bremen, and the east doorway were added in 1590. The main doorway was completed in 1610, in 1944, the building suffered serious war damage. A watercolour from 1945 shows a brick building although the characteristic gable can still be seen. By 1950, the house had been restored under the guidance of architects Herbert Anker. The building is considered important for the heritage and it is listed. A bronze sculpture Fietje Balge by the sculptor Bernd Altenstein was erected in the street outside in 2007, a nearby plaque explains the history of the River Balge which once passed nearby. Todays tavern practices a tradition goes back to 1913 when the piano movers used the premises. As they were not permitted to drink at work, they filled an old lamp with schnapps, today tourists in particular enjoy taking a Sluk ut de Lamp when they visit the bar. The schnapps is made from a centuries-old Swedish recipe which is still a family secret
45. Haus der Stadtsparkasse (Bremen) – Haus der Stadtsparkasse is a Rococo landmark on the Marktplatz in Bremen, Germany. It was completed in the 1950s combining the front gable from another site with the more recent architecture of the remainder of the building. In 1755, Johann Georg Hoffschlaeger, a merchant and city counsellor, had a house built on a site now designated as No. The stonemason Theophilus Wilhelm Frese decorated the façade in the Rococo style, with a bow window, in 1836, the building was bought by Georg Friedrich Pflüger who used it as an inn named Stadt Paris. In 1875, the property was taken over by Carl Wilhelm Meyer, in the early 20th century, a new building designed by Albert Dunkel maintained the Rococo façade. The building was destroyed in the world war by an airstrike with incendiary bombs in 1944. Rudolf Stein, who later became Bremens monument conservator, saved some of the debris including the façade, in 1957/58, the building was reconstructed on a new site on the corner of Langenstraße and Marktplatz. After a call for tenders, it was designed by the architect Eberhard Gildemeister assisted by the sculptors Maria Ewel and they used original building elements from the façade of the Schlachte building, adhering to the original style. Eberhard successfully combined the buildings red-bricked lateral walls with the historic façade, the interior, however, was finished essentially in the style of the 1950s. A notable design feature is the new door with a skylight on the market side, the internal decoration, too, contains many Baroque elements. Today, the houses a branch office of the Sparkasse. In 1973, the building was listed as a historic monument, Eberhard Gildemeister, Das Haus der Familie Pflüger an der Schlachte. In, Vom Leben und Schicksal bremischer Bauten in Stadt und Land, Bremen 1949 Rudolf Stein, Bremer Barock und Rokoko,1960 Stein, Das Sparkassenhaus am Markt zu Bremen
46. Suding & Soeken building, Bremen – The Suding & Soeken building is a gabled house at No.28 Langenstraße in Bremen, Germany. Referred to as a Kaufmannshaus or Kontorhaus, it is one of the few historic merchant houses to survive the war undamaged. It is noted for its projecting Renaissance bay window and its two-tiered Baroque stairway ascending from the hallway, Langenstraße is one of Bremens oldest streets and it was first mentioned in 1234. The thoroughfare is one of the most important for Bremens merchants and it originated at the time when the first settlements grew up on the north bank of the Balge. It runs west from the Marktplatz parallel to the River Weser over Bürgermeister-Smidt-Straße to Geeren, the Suding & Soeken building is located on the south side of the street, just west of Martinistraße. Constructed around 1630, the house at No.28 is one of the best preserved buildings of its kind in the city, designed at the height of Bremens development in the Weser Renaissance style, its bay window on the facade was added during alterations in about 1730. The building was changed internally in 1902 after the paint company moved into the building, the Suding & Soeken building is one of Bremens few historic merchant houses to remain undamaged after the second world war. Since 1973, it has been a listed building, the building has an information plaque with a QRpedia code that links to this Wikipedia article. The paint retailing company Suding & Soeken moved into the building in 1901, from 1922, the companys products were sold under the name Reesa. It still occupies the building on Langenstraße, although the company has since opened branches in Kassel, Neumünster, Magdeburg, Meißen. Temmen, Bremen,2003, ISBN 3-86108-693-X Rudolf Stein, Romanische, Gotische und Renaissance-Baukunst in Bremen, Hauschild, Bremen 1962 Rudolf Stein, ernst Wasmuth, Tübingen 1970 Weidinger, Ulrich. Mit Koggen zum Marktplatz – Bremens Hafenstrukturen vom frühen Mittelalter bis zum Beginn der Industrialisierung, photographs of the interior by Alena Zeman
47. Stadtwaage (Bremen) – The Stadtwaage at No.13 Langenstraße in Bremen is the building in which the municipal weighing scales used to be housed. The facility was created in order to levy taxes and excise duties while protecting merchants and customers against fraud, a historical document from 1330 mentions a weigh house where all the merchants and tradesmen had to weigh their goods. From 1440 or even earlier, the building was situated in Langenstraße, between 1586 and 1588, a new building was erected on the same site by Lüder von Bentheim. Built of brick in the Weser Renaissance style, it was decorated with sandstone ornaments, pilasters sprang up from each of the gable ledges while the windows were surmounted with shell-shaped ornaments. Above the second-storey window, there was a frieze depicting figures. A sign with a golden balance symbolised the buildings role, from the street, the building was accessed through two round arches. The upper storeys consisted of rooms for the city councils grain reserves. The weigh house was in use well into the 18th century, from 1877, the tax and excise offices were housed in the building, together with the land-registry office until 1925. From 1927 until its destruction, the building was the headquarters of the first Bremen broadcasting station NORAG, on 6 October 1944, apart from its outer walls, the building was completely destroyed. After the end of the Second World War, reconstruction was started, but in 1953, work was stopped as a result of disagreement on the design of the rear wall. In 1958, the Bremische Bürgerschaft finally decided not to continue with the reconstruction, subsequently, with financial support from Sparkasse Bremen, the ruins were torn down and a new building was erected, maintaining the old gable. On the rear wall, a relief depicted the buildings history. Since 1973, the house has been listed as a historic monument. Owned by Sparkasse Bremen todays building is a cultural centre known as Kulturhaus Stadtwaage and it contains rooms for presentations, exhibitions, and receptions. Two cultural institutions, the Günter-Grass-Stiftung and the Deutsche Kammerphilharmonie Bremen, have their headquarters here
48. Bremen Exchange – The Bremen Exchange in Bremen was one of the eight German Regional stock exchanges until 2007. In 2000 it ceased to use the Open outcry method and in 2007 the last operative units were closed, in the late Middle Ages the Bremer Marktplatz and Liebfrauenkirchhof passage were the most important centres of trade and commerce in Bremen. Desire for an exchange arose at the beginning of the seventeenth century, therefore, in 1613/4,28 small houses at the south end of Liebfrauenkirchhof passage were torn down. Twenty-one stone vaults for storage were constructed over the next six years. The empty space in the vaults was made into an exchange and was playing host to most business activities. A second story, designed by Giselher von Warneck was built between 1734 and 1736 and this baroque building is known as the Old Exchange. On the ground there was the trading hall and the lottery office. The office was rebuilt towards the end of the century as a book store. In the new second story there was a banquet hall. At the time the vaulted cellar was probably connected to the Bremen Ratskeller, activity in the Old Exchange concentrated predominantly on real estate, merchandise, and banking transactions, but stocks were also traded. After Napoleon Bonaparte and his troops occupied Bremen, the Exchange was temporarily closed by the French and this prompted a move to Kramerhaus and the Town Hall, where commerce was able to continue. In October 1813, after the defeat of the French, the Exchange was able to resume its activities in the building on Liebfrauenkirchhof, in 1816 the Merchants Guild issued the Second Exchange Ordinance with the support of the Senate. The commercial situation of the merchants was not very promising at the time, the Third Exchange Ordinance was published in 1849, which vested oversight of commerce with a Chamber of Commerce. From 1853, this Chamber received support from the newly founded Bremen Exchange Association, additionally, the building became home to the Upper Court, Lower Court, Commercial Court and Civil Chamber of the Bremen District Court. In 1864, trade was shifter to the New Exchange in the Marktplatz, the Old Exchange, no longer in use, burnt down in 1888. After the demolition of the ruins, the cellar was lowered. In 1855 the Bremen Chamber of Commerce and the Exchange Organisation agreed on the construction of a new building, for this purpose they had an area on the east side of the Marktplatz cleared between 1860 and 1863, demolishing seventeen old gabled houses and Wilhadi Chapel. A new commercial hub was erected between 1861 and 1864 under the direction of Heinrich Müller and inaugurated on 5 November 1864, the New Exchange on the Marktplatz was a large Neo-gothic building with two towers and a passage to the Schütting
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7 Nights / 10 Day Land Tour • Escorted from Honolulu
DATE & TOUR MANAGER:
September 24 – October 03, 2020 • Tour Manager: Dennis Kawahara
Tour Features:
- Munich
- Oberammergau
- Neuschwanstein
- Innsbruck
- Salzburg
- Danube River
- Vienna
With castles, palaces, beautiful scenery, historical sights, and cultural treats, this Munich, Salzburg and Vienna tour—with Oberammergau—is sure to delight all of your senses! You’ll overnight in Munich, Oberammergau, Salzburg, and Vienna, and you’ll also spend time in Innsbruck and Mondsee.
If you love castles and palaces, you’ll enjoy visiting Neuschwanstein Castle in Germany. Built by King Ludwig II, this fairytale castle offers magnificent views of the Alps and was the inspiration for Walt Disney. Schönbrunn Palace in Vienna offers another treat and glimpse into the life of royalty. Modeled after France’s Palace of Versailles, you’ll receive a private visit and stand in awe as you witness the splendor and hear the stories highlighting the lifestyle of the Habsburgs, the royal family who ruled Vienna for centuries. Also enjoy a special treat—dinner and a classical music concert here.
You’ll also enjoy time in Munich, Germany’s “Secret Capital,” where you’ll visit the lively Marienplatz. Here, observe the famous glockenspiel, which re-creates a 16th century wedding. In Salzburg, your walking tour includes the magnificent Residenz Square, where some scenes from the Sound of Music movie were filmed, and a visit to Mozart’s birthplace, where you’ll see mementos owned by him, such as his childhood violin.
But that’s not all…on this Munich, Salzburg and Vienna tour, Globus has arranged some out-of-the-ordinary experiences for you. You’ll cruise along the most scenic section of the Danube River, and during the cruise, you’ll savor Kaffee und Kuchen (coffee and cake). In the charming, Bavarian village of Oberammergau, enjoy first-class seats to Oberammergau’s famous Passion Play, held every 10 years. It’s a once-in-a-lifetime experience!
All you have to do is grab your camera and get ready for a wonderful vacation!
YOUR ESCORTED MUNICH, SALZBURG & VIENNA WITH OBERAMMERGAU TOUR INCLUDES:
- Roundtrip Economy Airfare from Honolulu
- 7 Nights Hotel Accommodations
- 11 Meals (7 Breakfasts & 4 Dinners)
- All Taxes & Fees
* View Tour Flyer for Complete Details.
COMPLETE PACKAGES
INCLUDES ROUNDTRIP AIRFARE
FROM HONOLULU, 7 NIGHTS
MEALS AND SIGHTSEEING
AS INDICATED ON ITINERARY,
ALL TRANSFERS, TAXES & FEES
BOOK BY OCTOBER 31, 2017*
BOOK BY JANUARY 31, 2018*
BOOK BY APRIL 30, 2018*
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Hepcats' Tweed Ride
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Hepcats' Tweed Ride
Es begleitet uns wie immer unser lieber Frank aka DJ Alt Plattenhand mit seinem Retrovelo Soundsystem. Außerdem bekommt ihr viel Live Musik vom Dixieland Festival auf die Ohren.
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